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BOUCHER DE CREVECEUR DE PERTHES, JACQ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 313 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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BOUCHER DE CREVECEUR DE See also:
PERTHES, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1772—1843)
PERTHES, JOHAN GEORG JUSTUS (1749-1816)
PERTHES, JACQUES (1788-1868) , See also:

French geologist and See also:

ANTIQUARY

antiquary, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the loth of See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1788 at See also:

Rethel, See also:

ARDENNES

Ardennes, See also:

France. He was the eldest son of Jules Armand See also:

Guillaume Boucher de Crevecceur, botanist and customs officer, and of See also:

ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne-Jeanne-See also:

MARIE

Marie de Perthes (whose surname he was authorized by royal See also:

DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree in 1818 to assume in addition to his See also:

FATHER

father's). In 1802 he entered See also:

government employ as an officer of customs. His duties kept him for six years in See also:

Italy, whence returning (in 1811) he found rapid promotion at See also:

home, and finally was appointed (See also:

March 1825) to succeed his father as director of the douane at See also:

ABBEVILLE

Abbeville, where he remained for the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

LIFE

life, being superannuated in See also:

JANUARY

January 1853, and dying on the 5th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1868. Hisleisure was chiefly devoted to the study of what was afterwards called the See also:

Stone See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, " antediluvian See also:

man," as he expressed it. About the See also:

YEAR

year 183o he had found, in the gravels of the See also:

SOMME

Somme valley, flints which in his See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion See also:

BORE

bore See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of human handiwork; but not until many years afterwards did he make public the important See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of a worked See also:

flint See also:

IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement with remains of See also:

ELEPHANT

elephant, See also:

RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, &c., in the gravels of Menchecourt. This was in 1846. A few years later he commenced the issue of his monumental See also:

WORK

work, Antiquitfs celtiques et an ediluviennes (1847, 1857, 1864; 3 vols.), a work in which he was the first to establish the existence of man in the See also:

PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene or See also:

early See also:

QUATERNARY

Quaternary See also:

period. His views met with little approval, partly because he had previously propounded theories regarding the antiquity of man without facts to support them, partly because the figures in his See also:

BOOK

book were badly executed and they included drawings of flints which showed no clear sign of workmanship. In 1855 Dr See also:

JEAN

Jean See also:

Paul Rigollot (1810-1873), of See also:

AMIENS

Amiens, strongly advocated the authenticity of the flint implements; but it was not until 1858 that See also:

Hugh See also:

Falconer (q.v.) saw the collection at Abbeville and induced See also:

Prestwich (q.v.) in the following year to visit the locality. Prestwich then definitely agreed that the flint implements were the work of man, and that they occurred in undisturbed ground in association with remains of See also:

EXTINCT

extinct See also:

MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia. In 1863 his discovery of a human See also:

JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw, together with worked flints, in a See also:

GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel-See also:

PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit at See also:

MOULIN (Fr. moulin, a mill)

Moulin-Quignon near Abbeville seemed to vindicate Boucher de Perthes entirely; but doubt was thrown on the antiquity of the human remains (owing to the possibility of interment), though not on the See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good faith of the discoverer, who was the same year made an officer of the See also:

LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour together with Quatref ages his See also:

CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion.

Boucher de Perthes displayed activity in many other directions. For more than See also:

THIRTY

thirty years he filled the presidential See also:

CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of the Societe d'Emulation at Abbeville, to the publications of which he contributed articles on a wide range of subjects. He was the author of several tragedies, two books of fiction, several See also:

WORKS

works of travel, and a number of books on economic and philanthropic questions. To his scientific books may be added De l'homme antediluvien et de ses oeuvres (See also:

Paris, 186o). See Alcius Ledien, Boucher de Perthes; sa See also:

vie, ses ceuvres, sa See also:

correspondence (Abbeville, 1885) ; See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Prestwich, " Recollections of M. Boucher de Perthes " (with portrait) in Essays Descriptive and See also:

BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical (1901). A BOUCHES-DU-See also:

RHONE, a maritime See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

south-eastern France situated at the mouth of the Rhone. See also:

AREA

Area, 2026 sq. m. Pop. (1906) 765,918. Formed in 1790 from western See also:

PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence, it is bounded N. by See also:

VAUCLUSE

Vaucluse, from which it is separated by the See also:

DURANCE (anc. Druentia)

Durance, E. by See also:

Var, W. by See also:

GARD

Gard, and S. by the Mediterranean, along which its seaboard stretches for about 12o m. The western portion consists of the See also:

CAMARGUE (Insula Camaria)

Camargue (q.v.), a See also:

low and marshy See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain enclosed between the Rhone and the See also:

PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit-Rhone, and comprising the Rhone See also:

DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta.

A large portion of its See also:

SURFACE

surface is covered by lagoons and pools (etangs), the largest of which is the Etang de Vaccares; to the See also:

east of the Camargue is situated the remarkable stretch of See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country called the See also:

CRAU (from a Celtic root meaning " stone ")

Crau, which is strewn with pebbles like the See also:

sea-See also:

BEACH

beach; and farther east and See also:

north there are various ranges of mountains of moderate See also:

ELEVATION

elevation be-longing to the Alpine See also:

SYSTEM

system. The Etang de Berre, a See also:

LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon covering an area of nearly 6o sq. m., is situated near the sea to the south-east of the Crau. A few small tributaries of the Rhone and the Durance, a number of streams, such as the Arc and the Touloubre, which flow into the Etang de Berre, and the Huveaune, which finds its way directly to the sea, are the only See also:

rivers that properly belong to the department. Bouches-du-Rhone enjoys the beautiful See also:

CLIMATE

climate of the Mediterranean See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

DRAWBACK

drawback being the See also:

mistral, the icy north-See also:

west See also:

wind blowing from the central See also:

plateau of France. The proportion of arable See also:

LAND

land is small, though the quantity has been considerably increased by artificial See also:

IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation and by the draining of marshland. Cereals, of which See also:

wheat and oats are the commonest, are grown in the Camargue and the plain of See also:

Arles, but they are of less importance than the See also:

OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-See also:

tree, which is grown largely in the east of the department and supplies the oil-works of See also:

MARSEILLES

Marseilles. The See also:

VINE

vine is also cultivated, the method of submersion being used as a safeguard against See also:

PHYLLOXERA (Gr. 4suXXov, leaf, and Erlpbs, dry)

phylloxera. In the cantons of the north-west large quantities of early vegetables are produced. Of live-stock, See also:

sheep alone are raised to any extent. Almonds, See also:

FIGS

figs, See also:

CAPERS

capers, mulberry trees and See also:

SILK

silk-See also:

WORMS

worms are See also:

SOURCES

sources of considerable profit. See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron is worked, but the most important mines are those of See also:

LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite, in which between 2000 and 3000 workmen are employed; the department also produces See also:

BAUXITE

bauxite, See also:

BUILDING

building-stone, See also:

lime, See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, See also:

GYPSUM

gypsum, See also:

clay, See also:

sand and gravel and See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble. The See also:

salt marshes employ many workmen, and the amount of sea-salt obtained exceeds in quantity the See also:

pro-duce of any other department in France.

Marseilles, the See also:

capital, is by far the most important See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

TOWN

town. In its oil-works, See also:

SOAP

soap-works, metallurgical works, See also:

SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding works, distilleries, See also:

FLOUR

flour-See also:

mills, chemical works, tanneries, See also:

ENGINEERING

engineering and machinery works, See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile works, manufactories of preserved foods and biscuits, and other industrial establishments, is concentrated most of the manufacturing activity of the department. To these must be added the See also:

POTTERIES, THE

potteries of the industrial town of See also:

AUBAGNE

Aubagne, the silk-works in the north-west cantons, and various See also:

paper and cardboard manufactories, while several of the See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries of Marseilles, such as the distilling of oil, See also:

metal-See also:

FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, See also:

SHIP

ship-building and soap-making, are See also:

COMMON

common to the whole of Bouchesdu-Rhone. Fishing is also an important See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry. Cereals, flour, silk, woollen and See also:

cotton goods, See also:

WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine,. See also:

BRANDY

brandy, See also:

OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, soap, See also:

SUGAR

sugar and See also:

COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee are chief exports; cereals, oil-seeds, wine and brandy, raw sugar, See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, See also:

TIMBER

timber, silk, See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, cotton, See also:

COAL

coal, &c., are imported. The See also:

FOREIGN

foreign See also:

commerce of the department, which is principally carried on in the Mediterranean See also:

basin, is for the most See also:

PART

part concentrated in the capital; the See also:

minor ports are See also:

MARTIGUES

Martigues, Cassis and La Ciotat. See also:

INTERNAL

Internal See also:

trade is facilitated by the See also:

canal from Arles to See also:

PORT

Port-de-Bouc and two smaller canals, in all about 35 M. in length. The Rhone and the Petit-Rhone are both navigable within the department. Bouches-du-Rhone is divided into the three arrondissements of Marseilles, See also:

Aix and Arles (33 cantons, 11 r communes). It belongs to the archiepiscopal See also:

province of Aix, to the region of the XV. See also:

army See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, the headquarters of which are at Marseilles, and to the academie (educational See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division) of Aix. Its See also:

court of See also:

APPEAL

appeal is at Aix. Marseilles, Aix, Arles, La Ciotat, Martigues, See also:

SALON

Salon, See also:

Les See also:

SAINTES

Saintes-Maries, St Remy, Les Baux and See also:

TARASCON

Tarascon, the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal places, are separately noticed.

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