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See also:FRATICELLI (plural diminutive of Ital. frate, See also:brother) , the name given during the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries to a number of religious See also:groups in See also:Italy, differing widely from each other, but all derived more or less directly from the Franciscan See also:movement. Fra See also:Salimbene says in his See also:Chronicle (See also:Parma ed., p. 108) : " All who wished to found a new See also:rule borrowed something from the Franciscan See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, the sandals or the See also:habit." As See also:early as 1238 See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory IX., in his See also:bull Quoniam abundavit iniquitas, condemned and denounced as forgers (tanquam falsarios) all who begged or preached in a habit resembling that of the mendicant orders, and this condemnation was repeated by him or his successors. The See also:term Fraticelli was used contemptuously to denote, not any particular See also:sect, but the members of orders formed on the fringeof the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. Thus Giovanni See also:Villani, speaking of the heretic Dolcino, says in his Chronicle (bk. viii. ch. 84) : " He is not a brother of an ordered rule, but a fraticello without an order." Similarly, See also:John XXII., in his bull Sancta See also:Romana et Universalis See also:Ecclesia (28th of See also:December 1317), condemns vaguely those " profanae multitudinis viri commonly called Fraticelli, or Brethren of the Poor See also:Life, or Bizocchi, or See also:Beguines, or by all manner of other names."
Some historians, in their zeal for rigid See also:classification, have regarded the Fraticelli as a distinct sect, and have attempted to discover its dogmas and its founder. Some of the See also:con-temporaries of these religious groups See also:fell into the same See also:error, and in this way the vague term Fraticelli has sometimes been applied to the disciples of Armanno Pongilupo of See also:Ferrara (d. 1269), who was undoubtedly a Cathar, and to the followers of See also:Gerard Segarelli and Dolcino, who were always known among them-selves as Apostolic Brethren (See also:Apostolici). Furthermore, it seems absurd to classify both the Dolcinists and the Spiritual See also:Franciscans as Fraticelli, since, as has been pointed out by Ehrle (See also:Arch. f. Lit. u. Kirchengesch. See also:des Mittelalters, ii. 107, &e.), Angelo of Clarino, in his De septem tribulationibus, written to the See also:glory of the Spirituals, does not See also:scruple to stigmatize the Dolcinists as " disciples of the See also:devil." It is equally absurd to include in the same See also:category the ignorant Bizocchi and Segarellists and such learned disciples of See also:Michael of See also:Cesena and See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis of See also:Bavaria as See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of .See also:Occam and Bonagratia of See also:Bergamo, who have often been placed under this comprehensive See also:rubric.
The name Fraticelli may more justly be applied to the most exalted fraction of Franciscanism. In 1322 some prisoners declared to the inquisitor See also:Bernard Gui at See also:Toulouse that the Franciscan order was divided into three sections—the Conventuals, who were allowed to retain their real and See also:personal See also:property; the Spirituals or Beguines, who were at that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the See also:objects of persecution; and the Fraticelli of See also:Sicily, whose See also:leader was See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry of See also:Ceva (see Gui's Practica Inquisilionis, v.). It is this fraction of the order which John XXII. condemned in his bull Gloriosam Ecclesiam (23rd of See also:January 1318), but without calling them Fraticelli. Henry of Ceva had taken See also:refuge in Sicily at the time of See also:Pope See also:Boniface VIII.'s persecution of the Spirituals, and thanks to the See also:good offices of See also:Frederick of Sicily, a little See also:colony of Franciscans who rejected all property had soon established itself in the See also:island. Under Pope See also:Clement V., and more especially under Pope John XXII., fresh Spirituals joined them; and this See also:group of exalted and isolated ascetics soon began to regard itself as the See also:sole legitimate order of the Minorites and then as the sole See also:Catholic Church. After being excommunicated as " schismatics and rebels, founders of a superstitious sect, and propagators of false and pestiferous doctrines," they proceeded to elect a See also:general (for Michael of Cesena had disavowed them) and then a pope called See also:Celestine (L. See also:Wadding, Annales, at date 1313). The rebels continued to carry on an active propaganda. In See also:Tuscany particularly the See also:Inquisition made persistent efforts to suppress them; See also:Florence afflicted them with severe See also:laws, but failed to rouse the populace against them. The papacy dreaded their social even more than their dogmatic See also:influence. At first in Sicily and afterwards throughout Italy the Ghibellines gave them a warm welcome; the rigorists and the malcontents who had either See also:left the church or were on the point of leaving it, were attracted by these communities of needy rebels; and the See also:tribune See also:Rienzi was at one time disposed to join them. To overcome these ascetics it was necessary to have recourse to other ascetics, and from the outset the reformed Franciscans, or Franciscans of the Strict Observance, under the direction of their first leaders, Paoluccio da Trinci (d. 1390), Giovanni Stronconi (d. 1405), and St Bernardine of See also:Siena, had been at See also:great pains to restore the Fraticelli to orthodoxy. These early efforts, however, had little success. Alarmed by the number of the sectaries and the extent of their influence, Pope See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin V., who had encouraged the Observants, and particularly Bernardine of Siena, fulminated two bulls (1418 and 1421) against the heretics, and entrusted different legates with the task of See also:hunting them down. These See also:measures failing, he decided, in
1426, to appoint two Observants as inquisitors without territorial See also:limitation to make a See also:special crusade against the See also:heresy of the Fraticelli. These two inquisitors, who pursued their duties under three popes (Martin V., See also:Eugenius IV. and See also:Nicholas V.) were Giovanni da See also:Capistrano and Giacomo della See also:Marca. The latter's valuable Dialogus contra Fraticellos (See also:Baluze and Mansi, Miscellanea, iv. 595-610) gives an See also:account of the doctrines of these heretics and of the activity of the two inquisitors, and shows that the Fraticelli not only constituted a distinct church but a distinct society. They had a pope called Rinaldo, who was elected in 1429 and was succeeded by a brother named See also:Gabriel. This supreme See also:head of their church they styled " See also:bishop of See also:Philadelphia," Philadelphia being the mystic name of their community; under him were bishops, e.g. the bishops of Florence, See also:Venice, &c.; and, furthermore, a member of the community named Guglielmo Majoretto See also:bore the See also:title of " See also:Emperor of the Christians." This organization, at least in so far as concerns the heretical church, had already been observed among the Fraticelli in Sicily, and in 1423 the general See also:council of Siena affirmed with horror that at Peniscola there was an heretical pope surrounded with a See also:college of cardinals who made no See also:attempt at concealment. From 1426 to 1449 the Fraticelli were unremittingly pursued, imprisoned and burners. The sect gradually died out after losing the See also:protection of the See also:common See also:people, whose sympathy was now transferred to the austere Observants and their See also:miracle-worker Capistrano. From 1466 to 1471 there were sporadic burnings of Fraticelli, and in 1471 Tommaso di Scarlino was sent to See also:Piombino and the littoral of Tuscany to track out some Fraticelli who had been discovered in those parts. After that date the name disappears from See also:history.
See F. Ehrle, " See also:Die Spiritualen, ihr Verhdltnis zum Franziskanerorden and zu den Fraticellen " and " Zur Vorgeschichte des Concils von See also:Vienne," in Archiv See also:fur Literatur- and Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters, vols. i., ii., iii.; Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon, s.v. " Fraticellen "; H. C. See also:Lea, History of the Inquisition of the See also:Middle Ages, iii. 129-18o (See also:London, 1888). (P.
End of Article: FRATICELLI (plural diminutive of Ital. frate, brother)
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