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See also:GERRYMANDER (usually pronounced " jerrymander," but the g was originally pronounced hard) , an See also:American expression which has taken See also:root in the See also:English See also:language, meaning to arrange See also:election districts so as to give an unfair See also:advantage to the party in See also:power by means of a redistribution See also:act, and so to manipulate constituencies generally, or arrange any See also:political measure, with a view to an unfair party advantage. The word is derived from the name of the American politician Elbridge See also:Gerry (q.v.). See also:John See also:Fiske, in his See also:Civil See also:Government in the See also:United States (189o), says that in 1812, when Gerry was See also:governor of See also:Massachusetts, the Democratic See also:state legislature (in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, according to See also:Winsor, to secure an increased See also:representation of the Democratic party in the state See also:senate) " redistributed the districts in such See also:wise that the shapes of the towns forming a single See also:district in See also:Essex See also:county gave to the district a somewhat See also:dragon-like See also:contour. This was indicated upon a See also:map of Massachusetts which See also:Benjamin See also:- RUSSELL (FAMILY)
- RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
- RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
- RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
- RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
- RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
- RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
- RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
- RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
- RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )
Russell, an ardent Federalist and editor of the Centinel, hung up over the See also:desk in his See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office. The painter, See also:- GILBERT
- GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
- GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
- GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
- GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
- GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
- GILBERT, J
- GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
- GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
- GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
- GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
- GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
- GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )
Gilbert See also:Stuart, coming into the office one See also:day and observing the uncouth figure, added with his See also:pencil a See also:head, wings and claws, and exclaimed, ` That will do for a See also:salamander!' ` Better say a Gerrymander,' growled the editor; and the outlandish name, thus duly coined, soon came into See also:general currency." It was, however, only the name that was new. Fiske (who also refers to Winsor's Memorial See also:History of See also:Boston, iii. 212, and See also:Bryce's American See also:Commonwealth, i. 121) says that gerrymandering, as a political See also:dodge, " seems to have been first devised in 1788, by the enemies of the Federal constitution in See also:Virginia, in order to prevent the election of See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Madison to the first See also:Congress, and fortunately it was unsuccessful." But it was really earlier than that, and in the American colonial See also:period political advantage was often obtained by changing county lines. In 1709 the See also:Pennsylvania counties of Bucks, See also:Chester and See also:Philadelphia formed a See also:combination for preventing the See also:city of Philadelphia from securing its proportionate representation; and in 1732 See also:George Burrington, royal governor of See also:North Carolina, divided the voting precincts of the See also:province for his own advantage. Gerry was not the originator of the Massachusetts See also:law of 1812, which was probably drafted by See also:Samuel See also:Dana or by See also:Judge See also:Story. The .law resulted in 29 seats being secured in Massachusetts by 50,164 Democratic votes, while 51,766 Federalist votes only returned 11 members; and Essex county, which, undivided, sent 5 Federalists to the Senate, returned 3 Democrats and 2 Federalists after being " gerrymandered," Stuart's See also:drawing (reproduced in Fiske's See also:book) was contrived so as to make the back See also:line of the creature's See also:body See also:form a See also:caricature of Gerry's See also:profile. The law of 1812 was repealed in 1813, when the Federalists had again gained See also:control of the Massachusetts legislature.
See also Elmer C. See also:Griffith, The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander (See also:Chicago, 19o7); John W. See also:Dean, " History of the Gerrymander," in New See also:England See also:Historical and Genealogical See also:Register, vol. xlvi. (Boston, 1892).
End of Article: GERRYMANDER (usually pronounced " jerrymander," but the g was originally pronounced hard)
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