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political characteristics, and of the history of its relation to the other peoples of Spain, we have only the most general, fragmentary and contradictory accounts. On the whole, the historical See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence indicates that in Spain, when it first became known to the Greeks and See also:

Romans there existed many See also:

SEPARATE

separate and variously civilized tribes connected by at least apparent identity of race, and by similarity (but not identity) of See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and sufficiently distinguished by their general characteristics from Phoenicians, Romans and Celts. The statement of Diodorus Siculus that the mingling of these Iberians with the immigrant Celts gave rise to the Celtiberians is in itself probable. See also:

Varro and See also:

Dionysius See also:

AFER, DOMITIUS

Afer proposed to identify the Iberians of Spain with the Iberians of the See also:

CAUCASUS

Caucasus, the one regarding the eastern, and other the western, settlements as the earlier. 2. Numismatic.—Knowledge of ancient Iberian language and history is mainly derived from a variety of coins, found widely distributed in the peninsula,) and also in the neighbourhood of See also:

NARBONNE

Narbonne. They are inscribed in an alphabet which has many points of similarity with the western Greek alphabets, and some with the Punic alphabet; but which seems to retain a few characters from an older script akin to those of Minoan See also:

CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete and See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

LIBYA

Libya .2 The same Iberian alphabet is found also rarely in See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions. The coinage began before the Roman See also:

CONQUEST

conquest was completed; the monetary See also:

SYSTEM

system resembles that of the Roman See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, with values analogous to denarii and quinarii. The See also:

coin inscriptions usually give only the name of the See also:

TOWN

town, e.g. PLPLIS (Bilbilis), KLAQRIQS (Calagurris), SEQBRICS (Segobriga),TMANIAV(Dumania).

The types show See also:

LATE

late Greek and perhaps also late Punic See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, but approximate later to Roman See also:

MODELS

models. The commonest See also:

REVERSE

reverse type, a charging horseman, reappears on the Roman coins of Bilbilis, Osca, Segobriga and other places. Another common type is one See also:

man leading two horses or brandishing a See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword or a See also:

BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow. The obverse has usually a male See also:

head, sometimes inscribed with what appears to be a native name. 3. Linguistic.—The survival of the non-See also:

ARYAN

Aryan language among the See also:

BASQUES

Basques around the See also:

west See also:

PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees has suggested the See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to interpret by its means a large class of similar-See also:

SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names of ancient Spain, some of which are authenticated by their occurrence on the inscribed coins, and to See also:

LINK

link it with other traces of non-Aryan speech See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the shores of the Western Mediterranean and on the See also:

ATLANTIC

Atlantic seaboard of See also:

EUROPE

Europe. This phase of Iberian theory opens with K, W. See also:

Humboldt (Priifung der Untersuchungee iiber See also:

die Urbewoh3ter Hispaniens vermittelst der waskischen Sprache, See also:

Berlin, 1821), ' For the prehistoric See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization of the peninsula as a whole see SPAIN. 2 P. A. Boudard's Etudes sur l'alphabet iberien (Paris, 1852). and Numismatique iberienne (See also:

BEZIERS

Beziers, 1859) ; Aloiss Heiss, Notes See also:

sus See also:

les monnaies celtiberiennes (Paris, 1865), and Description,generale See also:

des monnaies antiques de l'Espagne (Paris, 187o) ; See also:

Phillips, Uber das iberische Alphabet (See also:

Vienna, 187o), Die Einwanderung der Iberer in die pyren. Halbinsel (Vienna, 187o) ; \V.

M. See also:

FLINDERS, MATTHEW (1774-1814)

Flinders See also:

Petrie, Journ. Anthr. Inst. See also:

XXIX

xxix. (1899) 204, and above all E. Hiibner, Monuments linguae Ibericae. who contended that there existed once a single See also:

GREAT

great Iberian people, speaking a distinct language of their own; that an essentially " Iberian " population was to be found in See also:

SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, See also:

SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia and See also:

CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica, in See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

France, and even in the See also:

BRITISH

British Isles; and that the Basques of the See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

day were remnants of this race, which had elsewhere been expelled or absorbed. This last was the central and the seminal See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the See also:

WORK

work, and it has been the point round which the See also:

BATTLE

battle of scholarship has mainly raged. The principal evidence which Humboldt adduced in its support was the possibility of explaining a vast number of the ancient topographical names of Spain, and of other asserted Iberian districts, by the forms and significations of Basque. In reply, Graslin (De l'Iberie, Paris, 1839), maintained that the name Iberia was nothing but a Greek misnomer of Spain, and that there was no See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that the Basque people had ever occupied a wider See also:

AREA

area than at present; and Blade (Origine des Basques, Paris, 1869) took the same See also:

LINE

line of See also:

ARGUMENT

argument, holding that Iberia is a purely See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical term, that there was no proper Iberian race, that the Basques were always shut in by See also:

ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien races, that their See also:

affinity is still to seek, and that the whole Basque-Iberian theory is a figment. His See also:

main contention has met with some See also:

ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance,' but the great current of ethnographical See also:

SPECULATION

speculation still flows in the direction indicated by Humboldt. 4.

Anthropological.—Humboldt's " Iberian theory " depended partly on linguistic comparisons, but partly on his observation of widespread similarity of See also:

PHYSICAL

physical type among the population of See also:

south-western Europe. Since his time the anthropological researches of See also:

BROCA, PAUL (1824-188o)

Broca, Thurnam and See also:

Davis, See also:

HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–1895)

Huxley, See also:

BUSK, GEORGE (1807—1886)

Busk, Beddoe, See also:

VIRCHOW, RUDOLF (1821-1902)

Virchow, Tubino and others have proved the existence in Europe, from See also:

NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

Neolithic times, of a race, small of stature, with See also:

long or See also:

OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval skulls, and accustomed to See also:

bury their dead in tombs. Their remains have been found in See also:

Belgium and France, in See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

Germany and See also:

Denmark, as well as in Spain; and they See also:

bear a See also:

close resemblance4o a type which is common among the Basques as well as all over the Iberian peninsula. This Neolithic race has consequently been nicknamed " Iberians," and it is now common to speak of the " Iberian " ancestry of the people of Britain, recognizing the racial characteristics of " Iberians " in the" small swarthy Welshman," the " small dark Highlander," and the " See also:

Black Celts to the west of the See also:

Shannon," as well as in the typical inhabitants of Aquitania and See also:

BRITTANY

Brittany? Later investigators went further. M. d'See also:

ARBOIS

Arbois de Jubainville, for example (Les Premiers habitants de l'Europe, Paris, 1877), maintained that besides possessing Spain, See also:

Gaul, See also:

Italy and the British Isles, " Iberian " peoples penetrated into the See also:

BALKAN

Balkan peninsula, and occupied a See also:

PART

part of See also:

NORTHERN

northern See also:

Africa, Corsica and Sardinia; and it is now generally accepted that a race with fairly See also:

UNIFORM

uniform characteristics was at one time in See also:

possession of the south of France (or at least of Aquitania), the whole of Spain from the Pyrenees to the straits, the See also:

Canary Islands (the See also:

GUANCHES, GUANCHIS

Guanches) a part of northern Africa and Corsica. Whether this type is more conveniently designated by the word Iberian, or by some other name (" Eur-See also:

AFRICAN

african," " Mediterranean," &c.) is a See also:

MATTER

matter of See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative indifference, provided that there is no misunderstanding as to the steps by which the term Iberian attained its meaning in See also:

MODERN

modern See also:

ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology. ' W. See also:

van Eys, for example, " La Langue iberienne et la langue basque," in Revue de linguistique, goes against Humboldt; but See also:

Prince See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon and to a considerable extent A. See also:

LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE (1846-1908)

Luchaire maintain the See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of his method and the value of many of his results. See Luchaire, Les Origins linguistiques de l'See also:

AQUITAINE

Aquitaine (Paris, 1877). 2 Compare the Interesting resume of the whole question in See also:

Boyd See also:

DAWKINS, WILLIAM BOYD (1838– )

Dawkins's See also:

Early Man in Britain (See also:

LONDON

London, 1880). Fortnightly Rev.

N.S. xvi. 323-337 (1874) ; W. T. van Eys, " La Langue iberienne et la langue basque," in Revue de linfuistique, PP- 3-15 (1874) ; W. See also:

Webster, " The Basque and the Kett," in Journ. Anthrop. Inst. v. 5-29 (1875); F. M. Tubino, Los See also:

ABORIGINES

Aborigines ibericos o los Berberos en la peninsula (See also:

MADRID

Madrid, 1876) ; A. Luchaire, Les Origines linguistiques de l'Aquitaine (Paris, 1877) ; W. Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain (London, 188o) ; A. Castaing, " Les Origines des Aquitains," Mem.

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