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general way by the Salween river, though it overlaps it in some places. The state is known to the Chinese as Meng Keng, and was frequently called by the Burmese " the 32 cities of the Gan " (Hkon). Keng Tung has See also:

EXPANDED

expanded very considerably since the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

BRITISH

British control, by the inclusion of the districts of Hsen Yawt, Hsen Mawng, Mong Hsat, Mong Pu, and the cis-Mekong portions of Keng See also:

CHENG

Cheng, which in Burmese times were See also:

SEPARATE

separate charges. The " classical " name of the state is Khemarata or Khemarata Tungkapuri. About 63% of the area lies in the See also:

basin of the Mekong river and 37% in the Salween drainage area. The See also:

WATERSHED

watershed is a high and generally continuous range. Some of its peaks rise to over 7000 ft., and the See also:

ELEVATION

elevation is nowhere much below 5000 ft. Parallel to this successive See also:

hill ranges run See also:

north and See also:

south. Mountainous See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country so greatly predominates that the scattered valleys are but as islands in a See also:

sea of rugged hills.

The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

rivers, tributaries of the Salween, are the Nam Hka, the Hwe See also:

Long, Nam Pu, and the Nam Hsim. The first and last are very considerable rivers. The Nam Hka rises in the Wa or Vu states, the Nam Hsim on the watershed range in the centre of the state. Rocks and rapids make both unnavigable, but much See also:

TIMBER

timber goes down the Nam Hsim. The See also:

LOWER

lower See also:

PART

part of both rivers forms the boundary of Keng Tung state. The chief tributaries of the Mekong are the Nam Nga, the Nam Lwe, the Nam Yawng, Nam Lin, Nam Hok and Nam K6k. Of these the chief is the Nam Lwe, which is navigable in the interior of the state, but enters the Mekong by a See also:

GORGE

gorge broken up by rocks. The Nam Lin and the Nam K6k are also considerable streams. The lower course of the latter passes by Chieng Rai in Siamese territory. The lower Nam Hok or Me Huak forms the boundary with See also:

SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam. The existence of minerals was reported by the sawbwa, or chief, to See also:

Francis See also:

Garnier in 1867, but none is worked or located. See also:

Gold is washed in most of the streams.

See also:

TEAK

Teak forests exist in Mong Pu and Mong Hsat, and the sawbwa See also:

WORKS

works them as See also:

government See also:

con-tracts. One-third of the See also:

price realized from the See also:

sale of the logs at See also:

MOULMEIN (or MAULMEIN)

Moulmein is retained as the government See also:

ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty. There are teak forests also in the Mekong drainage area in the south of the state, but there is only a See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market for the timber. See also:

Rice, as elsewhere in the Shan States, is the chief See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop. Next to it is See also:

SUGAR

sugar-See also:

CANE

cane, grown both as a See also:

field crop and in gardens. See also:

Earth-nuts and See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco are the only other field crops in the valleys. On the halls, besides rice, See also:

cotton, See also:

POPPY

poppy and See also:

TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea are the chief crops. The tea is carelessly grown, badly prepared, and only consumed locally. A See also:

GREAT

great See also:

DEAL

deal of See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden See also:

pro-duce is raised in the valleys, especially near the See also:

capital. The state is See also:

rich in See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, and exports them to the country See also:

west of the Salween. Cotton and See also:

OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium are exported in large quantities, the former entirely to See also:

CHINA

China, a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good deal of the latter to See also:

NORTHERN

northern Siam, which also takes shoes and sandals. Tea is carried through westwards from Keng Hung, and See also:

SILK

silk from the Siamese Shan States.

Cotton and silk See also:

WEAVING

weaving are dying out as See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries. Large quantities of shoes and sandals are made of See also:

BUFFALO

buffalo and See also:

BULLOCK, WILLIAM (c. 1657-c. 1740)

bullock hide, with Chinese See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt uppers and soft See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron hobnails. There is a good deal of pottery See also:

WORK

work. The chief work in iron is the manufacture of guns, which has been carried on for many years in certain villages of the Sam Tao See also:

DISTRICT

district. The See also:

gun barrels and springs are See also:

RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude but effective, though not very durable. The See also:

revenue of the state is collected as the Burmese thathameda, a rude See also:

SYSTEM

system of income-tax. From 189o, when the state made its submission, the See also:

ANNUAL

annual tributary offerings made in Burmese times were continued to the British government, but in 1894 these offerings were converted into See also:

TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute. For the quinquennial See also:

period 1903–1908 the state paid Rs. 30,000 (£2000) annually. The See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the state was enumerated for the first See also:

time in See also:

castle and grounds, and here in See also:

JULY

July 1575 he entertained See also:

Queen See also:

Elizabeth at " excessive cost," as described in See also:

Scott's See also:

KENILWORTH

Kenilworth. On the queen's first entry " a small floating See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island illuminated by a great variety of torches . . . made its See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance upon the See also:

lake," upon which, clad in silks, were the See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady of the Lake and two See also:

NYMPHS

nymphs waiting on her, and for the several days of her stay " rare shews and See also:

sports were there exercised." During the See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

WARS

wars the castle was dismantled by the soldiers of See also:

Cromwell and was from that time abandoned to decay.

The only mention of Kenilworth as a See also:

borough occurs in a See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of See also:

Henry I. to See also:

Geoffrey de See also:

Clinton and in the charters of Henry I. and Henry II. to the See also:

church of St See also:

Mary of Kenilworth confirming the See also:

grant of lands made by Geoffrey to this church, and mentioning that he kept the See also:

LAND

land in which his castle was situated and also land for making his borough, See also:

park and fishpond. The See also:

TOWN

town possesses large tanneries.

End of Article: KENG TUNG

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