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REYNARD THE See also:FOX , a beast-epic, current in See also:French, Dutch and See also:German literature. The See also:cycle of See also:animal stories collected See also:round the names of Reynard the Fox and Isengrim the See also:Wolf in the 12th See also:century seems to have arisen on the border-See also:land of See also:France and See also:Flanders. Much of the material may be found in See also:Aesop, in See also:Physiologus, and in the 12th-century Disciplina Clericalis of Petrus Alfonsus. But the difference is very See also:great. The intention of the trouveres who recited the exploits of Reynard was, in the earlier stages, in no sense didactic. The tales, like those of " See also:Uncle Remus," were amusing in themselves; they were based on widely diffused See also:folklore, and Reynard and his companions were not originally men disguised as animals. See also:Jacob See also:Grimm (See also:Reinhart See also:Fuchs, 1834) maintained their popular origin; his theories, which have been much contested, have received additional support from the researches of K. Krohn, who discovered many of the stories most characteristic of the cycle in existing Finnish folklore, where they can hardly have arrived through learned channels.
There is abundant See also:evidence that Isengrim and Reynard were firmly established in the popular See also:imagination in the 13th century, and even earlier. See also:Guibert de Nogent (De Vita sua, See also:book 3, See also:chap.viii., printed See also:Paris, 1651), in referring to the disturbances at See also:Laon in 1112, says that the See also:bishop Gaudri was accustomed to See also:call one of his enemies Isengrim, and it is obvious from the context that the taunt was perfectly understood by the popular mind. See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip the See also:Fair is said to have annoyed See also:Pope See also:Boniface III., who died in 1303, by the See also:representation of the " Procession Renart "; and in 1204–1206 in Flanders two opposing parties were designated Isangrini and Blavotini (See also:blue-footed). The See also:principal names of the Reynard cycle, and the earliest in use, were German. Reynard himself (Raginohardus, strong in counsel), Bruin the See also:Bear, See also:Baldwin the See also:Ass, Tibert the See also:Cat, Hirsent the She-wolf, had German names, most of which were used as See also:person-names in See also:Lorraine. Whatever the See also:sources of the stories, it was in France that the cycle obtained its greatest See also:vogue. The See also:Roman de Renart as printed by Won (Paris, 4 vols., 1826) runs to over 40,000 lines, and contains a great number of detached episodes or branches, to which the trouveres gave a certain unity by attaching them to the traditionary See also:feud between Reynard and Isengrim. This rapidly became symbolic of the See also:triumph of See also:craft and eloquence over See also:brute strength. Renart was a popular epic parodying feudal institutions as represented in the romances of See also:chivalry, and readily adapting itself to See also:satire of the See also:rich, of the forms of See also:justice, and of the See also:clergy.
The See also:early French originals are lost, the most See also:ancient existing fragments being in Latin. The See also:fable of the See also:lion's sickness and his cure by the wolf's skin occurs in the Ecbasis cujusdam captivi per Tropologiam (ed. E. Voigt; See also:Strassburg, 1875), written by a See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk of St Evre at See also:Toul (Meurthe-et-Moselle) about 940. Ysengrimus (ed. E. Voigt; See also:Halle, 1884), a clerical satire written by Nivard of See also:Ghent about 1148, includes the See also:story ofthe lion's sickness and the See also:pilgrimage of Bertiliana the See also:Goat. Another Latin poem, Reinardus vulpes (ed. F. J. Mone; See also:Stuttgart, 1832), contains in addition the See also:theft of the See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
bacon, and how Isengrim is induced to See also:fish with his tail. A simpler version, derived probably from a French See also:original, is Isingrines not, written in German about 118o by the Alsatian Heinrich der Glichezare. Only fragments of this poem are preserved, but about a See also:quarter of a century later it was re-written with little See also:change in the subject See also:matter as Reinhart Fuchs (ed. J. Grimm, See also:Berlin, 1834; and K. Reissenberger, Halle, 1886). Most later versions of Reynard have been derived, however, from the Flemish Reinaert de vos (ed. J. F.
See also:Willems, Ghent, 1836; and E. See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin, See also:Paderborn, 1874), written about 1250 in See also:East Flanders by Willem. Reinaert is a poem of 3474 lines. The corresponding See also:branch of the French Roman de Renart (for which and its satirical sequels, Le Couronnement Renart, Renart le nouveau, and Renart le contrefait, see FRENCH LITERATURE) is one of the earliest and best of the great French cycle.
The fable was, like other French See also:works, known in See also:England, but did not at once pass into the popular stock. See also:Odo of Cheriton, who died in 1247, used the Reynard stories in his sermons, and many of them occur in his collection of Parabolae (ed. Hervieux, Fabulistes latins, 1884, vol. i.). The See also:English poem of the Vox and the Wolf See also:dates from the 13th century; and the " Nonne Preestes See also:Tale " of See also:Chaucer, in which, however, the fox is Rossel and the ass See also:Brunel, is a genuine Reynard See also:history.
Willem's Reinaert de Vos was See also:left incomplete, and the continuation—about 4000 lines in a more didactic vein—was added by an unknown writer of See also:West Flanders about 1370. The first copy printed in any See also:language was the Dutch See also:prose version, Hystorie See also:van Reynaert de Vos, printed at See also:Gouda by Gheraert Leeuw in 1479. On this See also:Caxton based his Historye of reynart the See also:foxe (reprinted by E. See also:Arber, 1878), which he finished on the 6th of See also:June 1481. As a satire on the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, especially on monks and nuns, Reynard became popular with reformers, and numerous versions followed in England and See also:Germany. A See also:Low German version, Reineke Fuchs, with a prose commentary by Hinrek Alckmer (See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry of See also:Alkmaar), was issued from the See also:Antwerp See also:press of Gheraert Leeuw in 1487. From this rifacimento was derived the Low German Reynke de Vos (ed. See also:Hoffmann von Fallersleben, See also:Breslau, 1834; and See also:Friedrich Prien, Halle, 1887), which was printed at See also:Lubeck in 1498. See also:Michael Beuther is said to have been the translator into High German (Reiniken Fuchs, 1544); and the book was made available to the See also:general See also:European public in the Latin version of See also:Hartmann Schopper, See also:Opus Poeticum de admirabili fallacia et astutia Vulpeculae Reinikes Libros quatuor (See also:Frankfort, 1567). The See also:modern German version (1794) of See also:Goethe has been often reprinted, notably in 1846 with illustrations by Wilhelm von See also:Kaulbach.
Reynard is dealt with by See also:Carlyle in an See also:essay " On German Literature of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries " in the See also:Foreign Quarterly See also:Review (1831). An admirable See also:account of the Reynard cycle is given by W. J. Thorns in his edition of Caxton's version for the See also:Percy Society (1844). Prien's edition of Reynke de Vos contains See also:bibliographical particulars of the German, Danish, See also:Swedish, Icelandic and English See also:editions (cp. See also:Brunet, See also:Manuel du libraire, s.v. Renart). The best edition of the Roman de Renart is by Ernest Martin (3 vols., Strassburg and Paris, 1881-1887). See also See also:Leopold Sudre, See also:Les Sources du roman de See also:Renard (Paris, 189o) ; Jacob Grimm, Sendschreiben an C. See also:Lachmann caber Reinhart Fuchs (See also:Leipzig, 184o) ; Gaston Paris, " Le Roman de Renard " in the See also:Journal See also:des savants (Dec. 1894 and Feb. 1895) ; Kaarle Krohn, See also:Bar and Fuchs (See also:Helsingfors, 1888), 'and the editions mentioned above. The story is told in modern French by Paulin Paris, Les Aventures de Maitre Renart et d' Ysengrin son compere (1861), and in English by See also:Joseph See also:Jacobs, following a modernized See also:text of Caxton made by " See also:Felix Summerley " (See also:Sir H. See also:Cole), in The Most Delectable History of Reynard the Fox (1895), with a valuable introduction.
End of Article: REYNARD THE FOX
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