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ROMANESQUE AND See also:GOTHIC IN See also:BELGIUM AND See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
HOLLAND
Of See also:early Romanesque See also:work neither Belgium nor Holland retains any examples; for with the exception of the small See also:building at See also:Nijmwegen built by See also:Charlemagne, there are no churches See also:prior to the 11th See also:century, and at first the See also:influence in Belgium would seem to have come from See also:Lombardy, through the See also:Rhine Provinces. As all her large churches are built in the centres of her most important towns, it is probable that the older examples were pulled down to make way for others more in accordance with the increasing See also:wealth
and See also:population. In the 13th century they came under the influence of the See also:great Gothic See also:movement in See also:France, and two or three of their cathedrals compare favourably with the See also:French cathedrals. The finest example of earlier date is that of the See also:cathedral of See also:Tournai (fig. 49), the See also:nave of which was built in the second See also:half of the 11th century, to which a See also:transept with See also:north and See also:south apses and aisles See also:round them was added about the See also:middle of the 12th century. These latter features are contemporaneous with similar examples at See also:Cologne, and the See also:idea of the See also:plan may have been taken from them; externally, however, they differ so widely that the See also:design may be looked upon as an See also:original conception, though the nave arcades, See also:triforium See also:storey, and See also:clerestory resemble the contemporaneous work in See also:Normandy. The original See also:choir was pulled down in the 14th century, and a magnificent See also:chevet of the French type erected in its See also:place. The grouping of the towers which flank the transept, with the central See also:lantern, the apses, and lofty choir, is extremely See also:fine (fig. 50). The sculptures on the See also:west front, dating from
the 12th to the 16th century, protected by a See also:portico of the See also:late 15th century, are of remarkable See also:interest and in See also:good preservation. They are in three tiers, the two lowest consisting of bas-reliefs, the upper tier with See also:life-See also:size figures in niches, resting on corbels. The Romanesque See also:tower of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St Jacques in the same See also:town, with See also:angle turrets, is a picturesque and well-designed structure.
Other early examples are those of St See also:Bartholomew at See also:Liege (A.D. ioi5) and the churches at Roermonde and St Servais at See also:Maastricht, both belonging to Holland. The latter is an extremely fine example, which recalls the work at Cologne, and in its great western See also:narthex follows on the lines of the See also:German churches at Gernrode, See also:Corvey and See also:Brunswick.
Among other churches of later date are St Gudule at See also:Brussels, with Gothic 13th century choir and a 14th century nave with great circular pillars, the west front of later date, approached by a lofty See also:flight of steps, having a very fine effect; Ste Croix at Liege, with a western See also:apse; St See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin at See also:Ypres and St Bavon at See also:Ghent, both with 13th-century choir °and 14th-century nave; Tongres, 13th century with great circular pillars and an early Romanesque See also:cloister; Notre See also:Dame de Pamele at Oudenarde; and Notre Dame at See also:Bruges, 14th century. Of 15th and 16th century work (for the Gothic See also:style lasted without any trace of the See also:Renaissance till the middle of the 16th century) are St Gommaire at See also:Lierre (1425–1557); St Martin, See also:Alost (1498); St Jacques, See also:Antwerp; and St Martin and St Jacques,both at Liege. The largest in See also:area, and in that sense the most important church in Belgium, is Notre Dame at Antwerp (misnamed the cathedral). It was begun in 1352, but not completed till the 16th century, so that it possesses many transitional features. It is one of the few churches with three aisles on each See also:side of the nave, the See also:outer See also:aisle being nearly as wide as the nave, which is too narrow to have a fine effect. Only one of the two See also:spires of the west front is built, perhaps to its See also:advantage; the upper portion presents in its pierced See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone spires one of those remarkable See also:tours-de-force of which masons are so proud, and having a See also:simple substructure it gains by contrast with and is much See also:superior to the spires of Cologne, See also:Vienna and See also:Ulm.
Among the most remarkable features in these Belgian churches are the See also:rood screens, the earliest of which is in the church of St
See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter at Lquvain, dating from 1400, in See also:rich Flamboyant Gothic, retaining all its statues. In the church at Dixmuiden, St Gommaire at Lierre (1534), and in Notre Dame, Walcourt (1531), are other examples all in perfect preservation; the last is said to have been given by the See also:emperor See also:Charles V., and in the same church is a lofty See also:tabernacle in Flamboyant Gothic.
Owing to the comparatively late date of many of the Belgian churches, they are all more or less unfinished, as the religious fervour of the citizens who built them would seem to have changed in favour of their town halls and civic buildings immediately connected with See also:trade. The See also:Cloth See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall at Ypres (1200–1334) with a frontage of 46o ft., three storeys high with a lofty central tower and a hall on the upper storey 435 ft. See also:long, one of the finest buildings of the See also:period in See also:Europe; See also:Les Halles at Bruges, originally built as a cloth hall, also with a lofty central tower; and a simple example at See also:Malines, are the earliest buildings of this type.
There follow a See also:series of magnificent town halls, of which that at Brussels is the largest, but the tower not being quite in the centre of its See also:facade gives it a lopsided See also:appearance. There is no tower to the town hall at See also:Louvain (1448–1469), but this is compensated for by the angle turrets, and the design is far bolder. In both these examples the See also:vertical lines are too strongly accentuated, and seeing that they are in two or three storeys, the latter should have been maintained in the design of the facades. In this respect the town hall of Oudenarde (i 527–1535) is more truthful, and as a result is far superior to them; the tower also is in the centre of the See also:principal front, which at all events is better than at Brussels, though as a See also:matter of See also:composition it would have been more effective and picturesque if it
Tournai.
had been placed at one end of the facade. In the town hall at See also:Mons there is no tower, but a fine upper storey with ten windows filled with good See also:tracery. Of the town hall at Ghent only one half is Gothic (148o--1482), as it was not completed till a century later, and though overladen with Flamboyant See also:ornament it has fine qualities in its design. Although but few examples still exist of the Gothic structures belonging .to the various See also:gilds, owing to their having been rebuilt in the Renaissance style, those of the Bateliers at Ghent (1531), and of the Fishmongers at Malines (1519), See also:bear See also:witness in the rich decoration to the wealth of these corporations.
Holland is extremely poor in church See also:architecture, but there are two examples which should be noted, at See also:Utrecht and Bois-le-Due ('s Hertogenbosch). Of the former only the choir exists. It is of great height (115 ft.), and belongs to the finest period of Gothic architecture (1251-1267). The nave was destroyed by a See also:hurricane in 1674, and so seriously damaged that it was all taken down (a See also:wall being built to enclose the choir) and an open square See also:left between it and the lofty west tower. The cathedral of St See also:John at Bois-le-Duc, though founded in 1300, was rebuilt in the Flamboyant period (1419-1497). It is of great length (400 ft.) with a fine chevet, and possessed originally a magnificent rood See also:screen in the early Renaissance style (1625) ; this seemed to the burghers to be out of keeping with the Gothic church, so it was taken down and sold to the South See also:Kensington Museum, being replaced by a very poor example in See also:Modern Gothic.
There is only one Gothic town hall of importance in Holland, that at Middleburg (1468), a fine example, and quite equal to those in Belgium. The ground and upper floors are kept distinct, and as the wall See also:surface of these See also:lower storeys is in See also:plain See also:masonry, the traceried windows and the canopied niches (all of which retain their statues) gain by the contrast. There is a small picturesque specimen at See also:Gouda, and at See also:Leeuwarden in the See also:house of correction (Kanselary) a rich example in See also:brick and stone, with a remarkable stepped gable in the centre having statues on its steps.
Both in Belgium and Holland there are numerous examples of domestic architecture in brick with See also:quoins and tracery in stone, in both cases alternating with brick courses and See also:arch voussoirs and with See also:infinite variety of design. (R. P.
End of Article: ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC IN BELGIUM AND
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