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maintenance of this usage inexpedient in the interests of learning and wholly indefensible in principle, and his vigorous protests against it aroused lively See also:

ACADEMIC

academic controversy, and became effective in 1851, when it was abolished. On leaving the university in 1846 he was ordained, and served for a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time as See also:

CURATE (from the Lat. curare, to take care of)

curate in See also:

Gloucester. Here he took remarkable See also:

INTEREST

interest in the elementary school of the See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish, and ever afterwards attributed much of his professional success and his insight into educational principles and methods to the experience he had acquired in imparting the humble rudiments of learning to the See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of the poor. After an See also:

INTERVAL

interval of two or three years, spent partly in private tuition and partly as curate at Cookham See also:

Dean, he married in 1853 a daughter of Carl See also:

Koch, See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner of customs at See also:

BONN

Bonn, and was elected to the mastership of Upping-See also:

ham School, a See also:

POST

post which he retained until his See also:

DEATH

death in 1887. That school had been founded in 1584, was slenderly endowed, poorly housed, and little known. Thring found only twenty-five boys in it, but he succeeded in raising it, both in See also:

numbers and repute, to a "position in the first See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among English public See also:

SCHOOLS

schools. He had a strong conviction that there should be a limit to the number of pupils entrusted to the care of one head See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, and he fixed that limit at 300, although, owing to the increasing popularity of the school, he was under strong temptation to exceed it. Little by little he surrounded himself with a loyal See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of masters, raised See also:

MONEY

money for the See also:

BUILDING

building and equipment of a See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble schoolroom and See also:

CHAPEL

chapel, besides class-rooms and eleven boarding-houses.

Among the distinctive features of his plans and achievements were: (I) his strong sense of the need for acloser study of the characteristics of individual boys than is generally found possible in large public schools; (2) his resolute adherence to the discipline of the ancient See also:

LANGUAGES

languages, in connexion with English, as the See also:

STAPLE

staple of a liberal See also:

EDUCATION

education; (3) his careful See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of a See also:

GREAT

great variety of additional employments and interests, in studies and in See also:

GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, to suit the aptitudes of different pupils; (4) the value he attached to the aesthetic See also:

side of school training, as evinced in the encouragement he gave to See also:

MUSIC

music and to See also:

DRAWING

drawing and to the See also:

ARTISTIC

artistic decoration of the schoolrooms; and above all (5) his See also:

REBELLION

rebellion against See also:

mere routine, and his See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant insistence on the moral purpose of a school as a training-ground for See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, rather than as a See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place solely concerning itself with the acquisition of knowledge. The vigour and intrepidity of his character were conspicuously shown in 1875, when an outbreak of See also:

FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever made See also:

UPPINGHAM

Uppingham for a time untenable, and when, at a few days' See also:

NOTICE

notice, he took a disused hotel and some boarding-houses at Borth, on the See also:

CARDIGANSHIRE (Ceredigion, Sir Aberteifi)

Cardiganshire See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and transported the whole 300 boys, with 30 masters and their households, to it as to a See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

REFUGE

refuge. Here the school was carried on with undiminished and even fresh zest and efficiency for fourteen months, during which needful sanitary See also:

MEASURES

measures were taken in the See also:

TOWN

town. Unlike See also:

Arnold, with whose moral earnestness and lofty educational aims he was in strong sympathy, he took little or no See also:

PART

part in outside controversies, See also:

POLITICAL

political or ecclesiastical. All the activity of his See also:

LIFE

life centred See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the school. His was the first public school to establish a gymnasium, and the first to found a town See also:

MISSION

mission in a See also:

DISTRICT

district of See also:

South See also:

LONDON

London, with a view to interest the boys in an effort to improve the social See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the poor, He took the first step in 1869 in the formation of the Head Masters' See also:

CONFERENCE

Conference, an institution which has ever since done much to suggest improvements in method and to cultivate a sense of corporate life and mutual helpfulness among the teachers in the great schools. And in 1887 he took the bold and unprecedented step of inviting the Association of Head Mistresses to Uppingham, and giving to them a sympathetic address. He also formed an association in Uppingham, with lectures, See also:

COOKERY (Lat. coquus, a cook)

cookery classes, concerts, and other See also:

AIDS

aids to the intellectual and social improvement of the residents of the little town. He gave valuable See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence before the Schools Inquiry See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission of Lord See also:

Taunton in 1866, but it was very characteristic of him that he dreaded the' intrusion of public authority, whether that of royal commissioners or of the legislature, into the domain of the school, wherein he thought it indispensable that the See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and See also:

PERSONAL

personal inventiveness and See also:

ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of teachers should have full See also:

SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope and be hindered by no See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official regulations. His contributions to literature were not numerous, but were all closely connected with his See also:

WORK

work as a schoolmaster. They were: Thoughts on Life See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science (1869), written under the assumed name of See also:

Benjamin Place; Education and School (1864); The Theory and Practice of Teaching (1883) ; Uppingham School Sermons (1858) ; The See also:

Child's Grammar (1852) ; The Principles of Grammar (1868) ; Exercises in Grammatical See also:

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

Analysis (1868) ; School Songs (1858) ; Borth Lyrics, poems and See also:

TRANSLATIONS

translations (1887) ; and a See also:

VOLUME

volume of See also:

MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous Addresses, published after his death in 1887. The fullest See also:

account of his life is that written by G.

R. See also:

PARKIN, GEORGE ROBERT (1846— )

Parkin. (1898), containing copious extracts from his See also:

DIARY

diary and letters, A Memory of Edward Thring; and Uppingham by the See also:

Sea, written by J. H. Skrine, the See also:

WARDEN

warden of Glenaimond, who was first a See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil and afterwards an assistant master at the school, presents a vivid and attractive picture of Thring's active life, and an affectionate and yet discriminating estimate of his character. Other particulars may be found in the See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter devoted to his See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography in See also:

Sir See also:

JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua See also:

Fitch's Educational Aims and Methods, and in Edward Thring, Teacher and Poet, by See also:

CANON

Canon H. D. Rawnsley. (J. G.

End of Article: THRING, EDWARD (1821-1887)

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