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TSENG KUO-See also:FAN (1811-1872), See also:Chinese statesman and See also:general, was See also:born in 1811 in the See also:province of Hunan, where he took in See also:succession the three degrees of Chinese scholarship. In 1843 he was appointed See also:chief See also:literary examiner in the province of Szechuen, and six years later was made junior See also:vice-See also:president of the See also:board of See also:rites. When holding the See also:office of military examiner (1851) he was compelled by the See also:death of his See also:mother to retire to his native See also:district for the regulation See also:mourning. At this See also:time the Taiping rebels were overrunning Hunan in their conquering career, and had possessed themselves of the cities and strongholds on both shores of the Yangtse-kiang. By a See also:special See also:decree Tseng was ordered to assist the See also:governor of the province in raising a volunteer force, and on his own initiative he built a See also:fleet of See also:war junks, with which he attacked the rebels. In his first engagement he was defeated, but, happily for him, his lieutenants were more successful. They .recovered the See also:capital, Chang-sha, and destroyed the See also:rebel fleet. Following up these victories of his subordinates, Tseng recaptured See also:Wuchang and Hanyang, near See also:Hankow, and was rewarded for his successby being appointed vice-president of the board of war. In 1853 other triumphs led to his being made a baturu (a Manchu See also:order for rewarding military prowess), and to his being decorated with a yellow See also:riding-jacket. Meanwhile, in his See also:absence, the rebels retook Wuchang and burnt the protecting fleet. The See also:tide quickly turned, however, and Tseng succeeded in clearing the See also:country See also:round the Poyang See also:lake, and subsequently in See also:ridding the province of Kiangsu of the enemy. His See also:father died in 1857, and after a brief mourning he was ordered to take supreme command in Cheh-kiang, and to co-operate with the governor of Fukien in the See also:defence of that province. Subsequently the:rebels were driven westwards, and Tseng would have started in pursuit had he not been called on to clear the province of Ngan-hui of rebel bands. In i86o he was appointed See also:viceroy of the two Kiang provinces and Imperial war See also:commissioner. At this time, and for some time previously, he had been fortunate in having the active support of Tso Tsung-tang, who at a later See also:period recovered See also:Kashgar for the See also:emperor, and of Li Hung-Chang. Like all true leaders of men, he knew how to See also:reward See also:good service, and when occasion offered he appointed the former to the governorship of Cheh-kiang and the latter to that of Kiangsu. In 1862 he was appointed assistant See also:grand secretary of See also:state. At this time the Imperial forces, assisted by the " Ever-victorious See also:Army," had checked the progress of the See also:rebellion, and Tseng was able to carry out a See also:scheme which he had See also:long formulated of besieging See also:Nanking, the rebel headquarters. While See also:Gordon, with the help of Li Hung-Chang, was clearing the cities on the See also:lower See also:waters of the Yangtse-kiang, Tseng See also:drew closer his besieging lines around the doomed See also:city. In See also:July 1864 the city See also:fell into his bands, and he was rewarded with the See also:rank and See also:title of See also:marquis and the right to See also:wear the See also:double-eyed See also:peacock's See also:feather. After the suppressign of the Taipings the Nienfei rebellion, closely related to the former See also:movement, See also:broke out in Shantung, and Tseng was sent to quell it. Success did not, however, always attend him on this See also:campaign, and by Imperial order he was relieved of his command by Li Hung-Chang, who in the same way succeeded him in the viceroyalty of Chihli, where, after the See also:massacre of See also:Tientsin (187o), Tseng failed to carry out the wishes of his Imperial See also:master. After this rebuff he retired to his viceroyalty at Nanking, where he died in 1872. Tseng was a voluminous writer. His papers addressed to the See also:throne and his literary disquisitions are held in high esteem by the scholars of See also:China, who treasure as a memorial of a See also:great and uncorrupt statesman the edition of his collected See also:works in 156 books, which was edited by Li Hung-Chang in 1876. (R. K. D.)
TSETSE-See also:FLY (Tsetse, an See also:English rendering of the See also:Bantu See also:nsi-nsi, a fly), a name applied indiscriminately to any one of the eight See also:species of Glossina, a genus of See also:African See also:blood-sucking See also:Diptera (two-winged flies, see DIPTERA), of the See also:family Muscidae. Tsetse-flies are of great economic and pathological importance as the disseminators of tsetse-fly disease (nagana) and sleeping sickness. These maladies are caused by See also:minute unicellula See also:animal parasites (haematozoa) of the genus Trypanosoma (see See also:TRYPANOSOMES); and See also:recent investigations have shown that, under normal conditions, the particular species of Trypanosoma concerned (T. brucei, in the See also:case of nagana, and T. gambiense in that of sleeping sickness) are introduced into the blood of susceptible animals or See also:man only by the bite of one or other of the species of tsetse. (See PARASITIC DISEASES). The names of the recognized species of tsetse-flies are as follows: Glossina palpalis (see fig.); G. pallicera; G. morsitans; G. tachinoides; G. pallidipes; G. longipalpis; G. fusca; and G. longipennis. A ninth so-called species, described in 1905 from specimens from See also:Angola, is not really distinct from G. palpalis but appears to be identical with the sub-species G. palpalis wellmani.
In See also:appearance tsetse are somewhat narrow-bodied flies, with a prominent See also:proboscis, which projects horizontally in front of the See also:head, and with the wings in the resting position closed See also:flat one over the other like the See also:blades of a pair of See also:scissors (see fig., B). The latter characteristic affords an infallible means for the recognition of these See also:insects, since it at once serves to distinguish them from any blood-sucking flies with which they might otherwise be confused. The coloration of tsetse-flies is sombre and inconspicuous; the brownish
or greyish-See also: In some species the abdomen is of a paler See also:colour and marked with sharply defined, dark brown bands, which are interrupted on the See also:middle See also:line. The length of the body, exclusive of the proboscis, which See also:measures about a line to a line and a half, varies according to the species from 6 or 8 millimetres in the case of G. tachinoides, to about i I z millimetres in that of G. fusca or longipennis; the closed As a See also:rule tsetse-flies are most active during the warmer See also:hours of the See also:day, but they frequently bite at See also:night, especially by moonlight. The blood-sucking See also:habit is See also:common to both sexes, and the abdomen, being capable of great expansion, is adapted for the periodical ingestion of an abundant See also:food-See also:supply. The See also:act of feeding, in which the proboscis is buried in the skin of the victim nearly up to the bulb, is remarkably See also:quick, and in See also:thirty seconds or less the abdomen of the fly, previously flat, becomes swollen out with blood like a See also:berry. Stuhlmann's experiments with G. fusca show that the insect is able to ingest considerably more than (sometimes more than twice) its own See also:weight of blood, which would appear to be the only food, and must be See also:drawn from the tissues of a victim. Specimens of G. fusca, even though See also:fasting and kept for days in absolutely dry See also:air, could never be induced to imbibe See also:water, See also:sugar-See also:cane juice or extravasated blood. The See also:reproduction of tsetse-flies is highly remarkable; instead of laying eggs or being ovoviviparous the See also:females See also:deposit at intervals of about a fortnight or three See also:weeks a single full-grown larva, which forthwith buries itself in the ground to a See also:depth of several centimetres, and assumes the pupal state. The See also:practical importance of this See also:peculiar See also:life-See also:history is very great, since larvae thus protected cannot easily be destroyed. It is important to See also:note that although sleeping sickness (of which the chief foci are at See also:present the See also:Congo See also:Free State and See also:Uganda) has hitherto been associated with one particular species of Glossina, it has been shown experimentally both that other tsetse-flies are able to transmit the See also:parasite of the disease, and that G. palpalis can convey kindred parasites which are fatal to domestic animals. Since, moreover, it is believed that at least five species of Glossina are See also:carriers of nagana, it may well be that all tsetse-flies can disseminate both nagana and sleeping sickness. (E. E. A.) wings, however, project beyond the body and thus increase its TSHI, Tcxw1, CHI, or OIr, a See also:group of See also:Negro peoples of the apparent length. G. palpalis, the disseminator of sleeping sickness See also:Gold See also:Coast (q.v.). The chief of these are the See also:Ashanti, See also:Fanti, (see fig.), is about 91 millimetres in length and is the darkest of Akim and Aquapem. Their common See also:language is the Tshi, all the tsetse-flies, though the dark brown abdomen has See also:pale lateral triangular markings and usually at least an indication of a pale longitudinal median stripe. In all tsetse-flies the proboscis in the living insect is entirely concealed by the palpi, which are grooved in their inner sides and See also:form a closely fitting sheath for the piercing See also:organ; the See also:base of the proboscis is See also:expanded beneath into a large See also:onion-shaped bulb, which is filled with muscles.- The head of the insect contains a See also:muscular pharynx by means of which the blood from the See also:wound inflicted by the proboscis (labium) is pumped into the alimentary See also:canal and the so-called sucking-See also:stomach. The tip of the proboscis is armed with a complicated See also:series of chitinous See also:teeth and rasps, by means of which the fly is enabled to See also:pierce the skin of its victim ; as usual in Diptera the organ is closed on the upper See also:side by the See also:labrum, or upper See also:lip, and contains the hypopharynx or common outlet of the paired salivary glands, which are situated in the abdomen. The proboscis of tsetse-flies is without the paired piercing stilets (mandibles and maxillae) possessed by other blood-sucking Diptera, such as the See also:female See also:horse-flies and mosquitoes. For the See also:anatomy of the tsetse see E. A. Minchin, Proc. See also:Roy. See also:Soc. lxxvi. 531-547. Tsetse-flies are restricted to See also:Africa, where they occur in suitable localities throughout the greater portion of the tropical region, although not found either in the See also:Sahara or in the veld country of the extreme See also:south. For practical purposes the See also:northern limit of Glossina, as at present known, may be shown on the See also:map by See also:drawing a line from Cape Verde to the See also:Nile a little to the south-See also:east of El Obeid, and thence to the coast of See also:Somaliland at 4° N.; while the See also:southern boundary of the genus may similarly be represented by the Cunene See also:river, in the south of Angola, and a line thence to the See also:north-eastern end of St See also:Lucia lake, in See also:Zululand. Within the See also:area thus defined tsetse-flies are not found continuously, however, but occur only in small tracts called" belts " or " patches," which, since See also:cover and shade are necessities of life to these insects, are always situated in See also:forest, See also:bush or See also:banana plantations, or among other shady vegetation. In South and Central Africa, at any See also:rate, " fly-belts " are usually met with in See also:damp, hot, See also:low-lying spots on the margins of water-courses, See also:rivers and lakes, and seldom far from water of some See also:kind. It appears, however, that in this respect the habits of the different species show a certain amount of variation; thus, while G. See also:pal palis exhibits an especial fondness for water and haunts more or less dense cover at the water's edge, recent observations in See also:German East Africa show that G. fusca is in no way connected with water, but is much more frequently encountered at a distance from it. Similarly, the oft-repeated assertion that there is a definite connexion between tsetse-flies and big See also:game, especially the See also:buffalo (Bubalus See also:coffer), in that the former are dependent upon the latter for their continued existence, is certainly not true as regards G. palpalis, although in South Africa there can be no question that the ex-termination of big game has been followed or accompanied by the disappearance of tsetse from many localities in which they formerly abounded. from which they gain their family name. TSU-SHIMA (" the See also:island of the See also:port "), an island belonging to See also:Japan, situated about midway between See also:Korea and the island of See also:Iki, so that the two islands were used as places of See also:call in former times by vessels plying between Japan and Korea. Tsu-shima lies about 34° 20' N., 129 20' E. The nearest point of the Korean coast is 48 m. distant. It has an area of 262 sq. m. and a See also:population of 39,000. It is divided at the See also:waist by a deep See also:sound (Asaji-ura), and the southern See also:section has two hills, Yatachi-See also:yama and Shira-dake, 2130 ft. and 168o ft. high respectively, while the northern section has Ibeshi-yama and Mi-take, whose heights are 1128 ft. and 1598 ft. The chief See also:town is Izu-hara. The Mongol See also:armada visited the island in the 13th See also:century and committed great depredations. In 1861 an See also:attempt was made by See also:Russia to obtain a footing on the island. The name of the See also:battle of Tsu-shima is given to the great See also:naval engagement of the 27th and 28th of May 1905, in which the See also:Russian fleet under See also:Admiral Rozhdestvensky was defeated by the See also:Japanese under Admiral See also:Togo. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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