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GROUCHY, EMMANUEL, MARQUIS DE (1766-1...

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 625 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GROUCHY, See also:EMMANUEL, See also:MARQUIS DE (1766-1847) , See also:marshal of See also:France, was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 23rd of See also:October 1766. He entered the See also:French See also:artillery in 1779, transferred to the See also:cavalry in 1782, and to the Gardes du See also:corps in 1786. In spite of his aristocratic See also:birth and his connexions with the See also:court, he was a convinced supporter of the principles of the Revolution, and had in consequence to leave the See also:Guards. About the See also:time of the outbreak of See also:war in 1792 he became See also:colonel of a cavalry See also:regiment, and soon afterwards, as a marechal de See also:camp, he was sent to serve on the See also:south-eastern frontier. In 1793 he distinguished himself in La See also:Vendee, and was promoted See also:general of See also:division. Grouchy was shortly afterwards deprived of his See also:rank as being of See also:noble birth, but in 1795 he was again placed on the active See also:list. He served on the See also:staff of the See also:Army of See also:Ireland (1796-1797), and took a conspicuous See also:part in the Irish expedition. In 1798 he administered the See also:civil and military See also:government of See also:Piedmont at the time of the See also:abdication of the See also:king of See also:Sardinia, and in 1799 he distinguished himself greatly as a divisional See also:commander in the See also:campaign against the Austrians and Russians. In covering the See also:retreat of the French after the defeat of Novi, Grouchy received fourteen wounds and was taken prisoner. On his See also:release he returned to France. In spite of his having protested against the coup d'etat of the 18th of See also:Brumaire he was at once re-employed by the First See also:Consul, and distinguished himself again at Hohenlinden. It was not See also:long before he accepted the new regime in France, and from 18o1 onwards he was employed by See also:Napoleon in military and See also:political positions of importance.

He served in See also:

Austria in 1805, in See also:Prussia in 18o6, See also:Poland in 1807, See also:Spain in 18o8, and commanded the cavalry of the Army of See also:Italy in 1809 in the See also:Viceroy See also:Eugene's advance to See also:Vienna. In 1812 he was made commander of one of the four cavalry corps of the See also:Grand Army, and during the retreat from See also:Moscow Napoleon appointed him to command the escort See also:squadron, which was composed entirely of picked See also:officers. His almost continuous service with the cavalry led Napoleon to decline in 1813 to See also:place Grouchy at the See also:head of an army corps, and Grouchy thereupon retired to France. In1814, however, he hastened to take part in the defensive campaign in France, and he was severely wounded at Craonne. At the Restoration he was deprived of the See also:post of colonel-general of chasseurs a cheval and retired. He joined Napoleon on his return from See also:Elba, and was made marshal and peer of France. In the campaign of See also:Waterloo he commanded the reserve cavalry of the army, and after Ligny he was appointed to command the right wing to pursue the Prussians. The See also:march on See also:Wavre, its See also:influence on the result of the campaign, and the controversy to which Grouchy's conduct on the See also:day of Waterloo has given rise, are dealt with briefly in the See also:article WATERLOO CAMPAIGN, and at length in nearly every See also:work on the campaign of 1815. Here it is only necessary to say that on the 17th Grouchy was unable to See also:close with the Prussians, and on the 18th, though urged to march towards the See also:sound of the guns of Waterloo, he permitted himself, from whatever cause, to be held up by a Prussian rearguard while the Prussians and See also:English See also:united to crush Napoleon. On the 19th Grouchy won a See also:smart victory over the Prussians at Wavre, but it was then too See also:late. So far as resistance was possible after the See also:great disaster, Grouchy made it. He gathered up the wrecks of Napoleon's army, and retired, swiftly and unbroken, to Paris, where, after interposing his reorganized forces between the enemy and the See also:capital, he resigned his command into the hands of Marshal See also:Davout.

The See also:

rest of his See also:life was spent in defending himself. An See also:attempt to have him condemned to See also:death by a court-See also:martial failed, but he was exiled and lived in See also:America till amnestied in 1821. On his return to France he was reinstated as general, but not as marshal nor as peer of France. For many years thereafter he was equally an See also:object of aversion to the court party, as a member of their own See also:caste who had followed the Revolution and Napoleon, and to his comrades of the Grand Army as the supposed betrayer of Napoleon. In 183o See also:Louis Philippe gave him back the marshal's See also:baton and restored him to the Chamber of Peers. He died at St-See also:Etienne on the 29th of May 1847. See Marquis de Grouchy, Memoires du marechal Marquis de Grouchy (Paris, 1873-1874); General Marquis de Grouchy, Le General Grouchy en Mande (Paris, 1866), and Le Marechal Grouchy du 16 au 18 juin, 1815 (Paris, 1864) ; Appel a l'histoire sur See also:les faites de l'aile droite de l'armee francaise (Paris, n.d.); Severe See also:Justice sur les fails . . . du 28 juin an 3 juillet, 1815 (Paris, 1866) ; and the literature of the Waterloo campaign. Marshal Grouchy himself wrote the following: Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815 See also:par le general de See also:Gourgaud (See also:Philadelphia and Paris, 1818) ; Refutation de quelques articles See also:des memoires de M. le Duc de See also:Rovigo (Paris, 1829); Fragments historiques relatifs a la campagne et a la bataille de Waterloo (Paris, 1829-183o, in reply to See also:Barthelemy and Wry, and to Marshal See also:Gerard) ; Reclamation du marechal de Grouchy (Paris, 1834) ; Plainte contre le general See also:Baron Berthezene (Berthezene, .formerly a divisional commander under Gerard, stated in reply to this See also:defence that he had no intention of accusing Grouchy of See also:ill faith). GROUND-See also:ICE,' ice formed at the bottom of streams while the temperature of the See also:water is above freezing-point. Every-thing points to See also:radiation as the See also:prime cause of the formation of ground-ice. It is formed only under a clear See also:sky, never in cloudy See also:weather; it is most readily formed on dark rocks, and never under any covering such as a See also:bridge, and rarely under See also:surface-ice.

See also:

Professor See also:Howard T. See also:Barnes of McGill University concludes that the radiation from a See also:river See also:bed in See also:cold and clear nights goes through the water in long rays that penetrate much more easily from below upwards than the See also:sun's See also:heat rays from above down-wards, which are mostly absorbed by the first few feet of water. On a cold clear See also:night, therefore, the radiation from the bottom is excessive, and loosely-grown spongy masses of See also:anchor-ice See also:form on the bottom, which on the following See also:bright sunny day receive just sufficient heat from the sun to detach the See also:mass of ' The O. Eng. word grund,ground,is See also:common to See also:Teutonic See also:languages, cf. Du. grond, Ger. Grund, but has no cognates outside Teutonic. The See also:suggestion that the origin is to be found in " grind," to crush small, reduce to See also:powder, is plausible, but the See also:primary meaning seems to be the lowest part or bottom of anything rather than grit, See also:sand or See also:gravel. The See also:main branches in sense appear to be, first, bottom, as of the See also:sea or a river, cf. the use, in the plural, for dregs; second, See also:base or See also:foundation, actual, as of the first or main surface of a See also:painting, fabric, &c., or figurative, as of a principle or See also:reason; third, the surface of the See also:earth, or a particular part of that surface. ice, which rises to the surface with considerable force. It is probable that owing to surface tension a thin film of stationary water rests upon the boulders and sand over which a stream flows, and that this, becoming frozen owing to radiation, forms the foundation for the anchor-ice and produces a surface upon which the descending frazil-ice (see below) can See also:lodge. The theory of radiation from the boulders is supported by the fact that as the ice is formed upon them in response to a sudden fall in the See also:air temperature, it is only released under the influence of a strong rise of temperature during the See also:morning. It may not rise for several days, but the See also:advent of bright sunlight is followed by the See also:appearance on the surface of masses of ground-ice.

This ice has a spongy texture and frequently carries gravel with it when it rises. It is said that the bottom of See also:

Lake See also:Erie is strewn with gravel that has been floated down in this way. This " anchor-ice," as it was called by See also:Canadian trappers, frequently forms dams across narrow portions of the river where the floating masses are caught. Dr H. See also:Landor pointed out that the See also:Mackenzie and See also:Mississippi See also:rivers, which rise in the same region and flow in opposite directions, carry ground-ice from their head-See also:waters for a considerable distance down stream, and suggested that here and in See also:Siberia many forms of See also:vegetable and See also:animal life may be distributed from a centre by this agency, since the material carried by the floating ice would contain the seeds and eggs or larvae of many forms. Besides ground-ice and anchor-ice this formation is called also bottom-ice, ground-gru and lappered ice, the two last names being Scottish. In France it is called glace du fond, in See also:Germany Grundeis, and in French See also:Canada moutonne from the appearance of See also:sheep at rest, since the ice formed at the bottom grows in woolly, spongy masses upon boulders or other projections. " Frazil-ice " is a Canadian See also:term from the French for " forge-cinders." It is surface ice formed in spicules and carried down-wards in water agitated by winds or rapids. The frazil-ice may render swiftly moving water turbid with ice crystals, it may be swirled downwards and accumulated upon the ground ice, or it may be swept under the See also:sheet of surface-ice, coating the under surface of the sheet to a thickness as great as 8o ft. of loose spicular ice. See W. G. See also:Thompson, in Nature, i.

555 (1870) ; H. Landor, in See also:

Geological See also:Magazine, See also:decade II., vol. iii., p. 459 (1876); H. T. Barnes, Ice Formation with See also:special Reference to Anchor-ice and Frazil (1906).

End of Article: GROUCHY, EMMANUEL, MARQUIS DE (1766-1847)

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