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See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS XIII . (16or-1643), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:France, was the son of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV. and of See also:Marie de' See also:Medici. He became king on his See also:father's assassination in Oro; but his See also:mother at once seized the full See also:powers of See also:regent. She determined to See also:reverse the policy of her See also:husband and to bring France into See also:alliance with See also:Spain and the See also:Austrian See also:house, upon which See also:power Henry had been meditating an attack at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of his See also:death. Two marriages were designed to See also:cement this alliance. Louis was to marry See also:Anne of See also:Austria, daughter of the See also:Spanish king, See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip III., and the Spanish See also:prince, afterwards Philip IV., himself was to marry the Princess See also:Elizabeth, the king's See also:sister. Notwithstanding the opposition of the Protestants and nobles of France, the See also:queen carried through her purpose and the marriages were concluded in 1615. The next years were full of See also:civil See also:war and See also:political intrigue, during which the queen relied upon the See also:Marshal d'Ancre. Louis XIII. was a backward boy, and his See also:education had been much neglected. We have the fullest details of his private See also:life, and yet his See also:character remains some-thing of a See also:mystery. He was fond of See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field See also:sports and seemed to acquiesce in his mother's occupation of power and in the See also:rule of her favourites. But throughout his life he concealed his purposes even from his closest See also:friends; sometimes it seems as if he were hardly conscious of them himself. In 1617 he was much attached to See also:Charles d'See also:Albert, sieur de See also:Luynes; and with his help he arrested Marshal d'Ancre, and on his resistance had him assassinated. From this time to her death the relation between the king and his mother was one of concealed or open hostility. The See also:article on FRANCE must be consulted for the intricate events of the following years.
The decisive incident for his private life as well as for his reign was the entrance of See also:Cardinal See also:Richelieu, hitherto the queen's See also:chief adviser, into the king's See also:council in 1624. Hence-forth the policy of France was directed by Richelieu, who took up in its See also:main features the See also:system of See also:Protestant alliances and opposition to the power of Austria and Spain, which had been begun by Henry IV. and had been interrupted by the queen-mother during the regency; while he asserted the power of the See also:crown against all rivals at See also:home. This policy had remarkable results for the king's private life. It not only brought him into unremitting conflict with the Protestants and the nobles of France, but also made him the enemy of his mother, of his See also:brother Gaston of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, who made himself the See also:champion of the cause of the nobles, and sometimes even of his wife. It is not easy to define his relations to Richelieu. He was convinced of his See also:loyalty and of his See also:genius, and in the end always supported his policy. But he disliked the See also:friction with his See also:family circle which this policy produced. In the difficulty with which he expressed himself and in a certain indecision of character the king was curiously unlike his father, the See also:frank and impetuous Henry of See also:Navarre, and his See also:absolute son Louis XIV. He took a See also:great See also:interest in all the externals of war. He was See also:present, and is said to have played an important See also:part at the passage of See also:Susa in 1629, and also eagerly participated in the See also:siege of Rochelle, which surrendered in the same See also:year. But for the most part his See also:share in the great events of the reign was a passive one. The one all-important fact was that he supported his great See also:minister. There were certain occasions when it seemed as if that support would be denied. The chief of these was what is known as the " See also:Day of Dupes " (163o). Then the queen-mother and the king's
brother passionately attacked the minister, and fdr a moment weakened the royal authority. Twice the See also:court had to flee from it was believed that Richelieu was dismissed and that the queen-
mother and a Spanish policy had triumphed. But the sequel only strengthened the power of the minister. He regained his ascendancy over the king, punished his enemies and forced Marie de' Medici and Gaston of Orleans to See also:sue for See also:pardon. In 1631 Gaston fled to See also:Lorraine and the queen-mother to See also:Brussels. Gaston soon returned, to See also:plot, to fail and to sue for pardon again and again; but Marie de'Medici ended her life in See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile.
Richelieu's position was much strengthened by these incidents, but to the end of life he had to struggle against conspiracies which were designed to deprive him of the king's support, and usually Gaston of Orleans had some share in these movements.
In 1632 the See also:duke of Montmorenty's See also:conspiracy brought its See also:leader to the See also:scaffold. But the last great effort to overthrow Richelieu was closely connected with the king. Louis XIII. had from the beginning of his reign had favourites—See also:young men for the most part with whom he lived freely and intimately and spoke of public affairs lightly and unreservedly; and who in consequence often exaggerated their See also:influence over him. See also:Henri d'Effiat, See also:marquis de Cinq-See also:Mars, was the last of these favourites. The king is said to have allowed him to speak hostilely of Richelieu and even to recall the assassination of Marshal d'Ancre. Cinq-Mars believed himself secure of the king's favour. He entered into negotiations with Spain and was secretly supported by Gaston of Orleans. But Richelieu discovered his treasonous relations with Spain and by this. means defeated his plot. Louis was reconciled to his minister. " We have lived too See also:long together to be separated " he is reported to have said (See also:September 1642). Yet when Richelieu died in See also:December of the same year he allowed himself to speak of him in a jealous and satirical See also:tone. He died himself a few months later (May 1643).
His nature was timid, lethargic and See also:melancholy, and his court was not marked by the scandals which had been seen under Henry IV. Yet Mademoiselle de la Fayette and Madame d'Hautefort and others are said to have been his mistresses. His brother Gaston survived him, but gave unexpectedly little trouble during the See also:wars of the See also:Fronde which ensued on the death of Louis XIII.
The chief source of See also:information on Louis XIII.'s life is to be found in the contemporary See also:memoirs, of which the chief are: See also:Bassompierre, Fontenay-Mareuil, Gaston d'Orleans, See also:Montresor, Omer Talon. Richelieu's own Memoirs are chiefly concerned with politics and See also:diplomacy. Of See also:modern See also:works those most directly bearing on the king's See also:personal life are R. de See also:Beauchamp, Louis XIII. d apres sa correspondance avec le cardinal de Richelieu; G. See also:Hanotaux, Histoire du cardinal de Richelieu (1893–1896); Rossignol, Louis XIII. avant Richelieu; M. Topin, Louis XIII. et Richelieu (1876). See too See also:Professor R. See also:Lodge, Richelieu; J. B. H. R. See also:Capefigue, Richelieu, See also:Mazarin et la Fronde (1835–1836); and Dr J. H. See also:Bridges, Richelieu, Mazarin and See also:Colbert (1866).
For full bibliography see G. See also:Monod, Bibliographie de l'histoire de France; See also:Cambridge Modern See also:History, vol. iv. (" The See also:Thirty Years' War ") ; See also:Lavisse et See also:Rambaud, Histoire generale, vol. v. (" Guerres de See also:religion "). (A. J.
End of Article: LOUIS XIII
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