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Potomac marched to meet Lee's forces which, hitherto divided, had, by the 16th, successfully concentrated between the Antietam and the Potomac. The Confederate Army of See also:

NORTHERN

Northern See also:

Virginia occupied a position which, in relation to the surrounding See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, may be compared to the See also:

STRING

string of a See also:

BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow in the See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of being See also:

DRAWN

drawn, Lee's See also:

LEFT

left wing forming the upper See also:

HALF

half of the string, his right the See also:

LOWER

lower, and the Potomac in his See also:

REAR

rear the bow itself. The See also:

TOWN

town of Sharpsburg represents the fingers of the See also:

ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

archer See also:

DRAWING

drawing the bow. The right wing of the position was covered by the Antietam as it approaches the Potomac, the upper course of that stream formed no See also:

PART

part of the battlefield. Generals See also:

LONGSTREET, JAMES (1821-1904)

Longstreet and See also:

Jackson commanded the right and left wings. The See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of A. P. See also:

Hill was at Harper's See also:

Ferry, but had received orders to rejoin Lee. McClellan's troops appeared See also:

LATE

late on the 16th, and See also:

Hooker was immediately sent across the upper Antietam. He had a See also:

sharp fight with Jackson's men, but See also:

NIGHT

night soon put an end to the contest. See also:

Early on the 19th the See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of See also:

Sumner and See also:

Mansfield followed Hooker across the upper stream whilst McClellan's left wing (See also:

BURNSIDE, AMBROSE EVERETT (1824-1881)

Burnside's corps) See also:

drew up opposite Lee's extreme right.

The Federal See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader intended to hold back his centre whilst these two forces were See also:

ROLLING

rolling up Lee's wings. The battle began with a furious See also:

ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault on the extreme right by Hooker's corps. After a very severe struggle he was repulsed with the loss of a See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of his men, Jackson's divisions suffering even more severely and losing nearly all their generals and colonels. It was only the arrival of See also:

Hood and D. H. Hill which enabled Stonewall Jackson's corps to hold its ground, and had the other Federal corps been at See also:

hand to support Hooker the result might have been very different. Mansfield next attacked farther to the left and with better See also:

FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune. Mansfield was killed, but his successor led the corps well, and after heavy fighting Hood and D. H. Hill were driven back. Again want of support checked the Federals and the fight became stationary, both sides losing many men. Sumner now came into See also:

ACTION

action, and overhaste involved him in a See also:

CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe, his troops being attacked in front and flank and driven back in See also:

GREAT

great confusion with nearlyhalf their number killed and wounded; and their See also:

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat involved the gallant remnants of Mansfield's corps.

Soon after-wards the Federal divisions of See also:

French and See also:

Richardson attacked D. H. Hill, whose men were now exhausted by continuous fighting. Here occurred the fighting in the " Bloody See also:

Lane," See also:

north of Sharpsburg which French and Richardson eventually carried. Opposed as they were by D. H. Hill, whose men had fought the battle of South Mountain and had already been three times engaged d fond on this See also:

day, proper support must have enabled the Federals to crush Lee's centre, but See also:

Franklin and See also:

Porter in reserve were not allowed by McClellan to move forward and the opportunity passed. Burnside, on the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern wing, had received his orders late, and acted on them still later. The battle was over on the right before he fired a shot, and Lee had been able to use nearly all his right wing troops to support Jackson. At last Burnside moved forward, and, after a brilliant See also:

defence by the handful of men left to oppose him, forced the Antietam and began to See also:

roll up Lee's right, only to be attacked in rear himself by A. P. Hill's troops newly arrived from Harper's Ferry.

The repulse of Burnside ended the battle. Pressure was brought to See also:

bear on McClellan to renew the fight, but he refused and Lee retired across the Potomac unmolested. The Army of the Potomac had lost 11,832 men out of 46,000 engaged; the See also:

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and two corps in reserve had only lost 578. Lee's 31,200 men lost over 8000 of their number. See the bibliography appended to AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, and also General See also:

Palfrey's Antietam and Fredericksburg. See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

ANTI-FEDERALISTS, the name given in the See also:

POLITICAL

political See also:

HISTORY

history of the See also:

UNITED

United States to those who, after the formation of the federal Constitution of 1787, opposed its ratification by the See also:

PEOPLE

people of the several states. The " party " (though it was never regularly organized as such) was composed of statesrights, particularistic, individualistic and See also:

RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical democratic elements; that is, of those persons who thought that a stronger See also:

government threatened the See also:

SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty and See also:

PRESTIGE

prestige of the states, or the See also:

SPECIAL

special interests, individual or commercial, of localities, or the liberties of individuals, or who fancied they saw in the government proposed a new centralized, disguised "monarchic" See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power that would only replace the See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-off despotism of Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain. In every See also:

state the apposition to the Constitution was strong, and in two—North Carolina and Rhode Island—it prevented ratification until the definite See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the new government practically forced their See also:

ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion. The individualistic was the strongest See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of opposition; the See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, or at least the desirability, of a See also:

BILL

bill of rights was almost universally See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt. Instead of accepting the Constitution upon the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of amendments,—in which way they might very likely have secured large concessions,—the Anti-Federalists stood for unconditional rejection, and public See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, which went against them, proved that for all its shortcomings the Constitution was regarded as preferable to the Articles of See also:

Con-federation. After the inauguration of the new government, the See also:

composition of the Anti-Federalist party changed. The Federalist (q.v.) party gradually showed broad-construction, nationalistic tendencies; the Anti-Federalist party became a strict-construction party and advocated popular rights against the asserted aristocratic, centralizing tendencies of its opponent, and gradually was transformed into the Democratic-Republican party, mustered and led by See also:

Thomas See also:

Jefferson, who, however, had approved the ratification of the Constitution and was not, therefore, an Anti-Federalist in the See also:

ORIGINAL

original sense of that See also:

TERM

term.

See O. G. Libby, See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical See also:

DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution of the See also:

VOTE

Vote . . on the Federal Constitution, 1787-1788 (University of See also:

Wisconsin, Bulletin, 1894); S. B. See also:

Harding, Contest over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in . See also:

MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts (Harvard University Studies, New See also:

York, 18.96); and authorities on political and constitutional history in the See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article UNITED STATES.

End of Article: ANTIETAM

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