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title Uber das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechischen, lateinischen, persischen and germanischen Sprache, and it was accompanied with a See also:

PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface from the See also:

PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen of Windischmann. In this first book Bopp entered at once on the path on which the philological researches of his whole subsequent See also:

LIFE

life were concentrated. It was not that he wished to prove the See also:

COMMON

common parentage of Sanskrit with See also:

Persian, See also:

Greek, Latin and German, for that had See also:

long been established; but his See also:

OBJECT

object was to trace the common origin of their grammatical forms, of their inflections from See also:

composition,—a task which had never been attempted. By a See also:

HISTORICAL

historical See also:

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of those forms, as applied to the verb, he furnished the first trustworthy materials for a See also:

HISTORY

history of the languages compared. After a brief sojourn in See also:

Germany, Bopp came to See also:

LONDON

London, where he made the acquaintance of See also:

Sir See also:

Charles See also:

Wilkins and H. T. See also:

COLEBROOKE, HENRY THOMAS (1765-1837)

Colebrooke, and became the friend of Wilhelm von See also:

Humboldt, then Prussian See also:

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at the See also:

court of St See also:

James's, to whom he gave instruction in Sanskrit.

He brought out, in the See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of See also:

ORIENTAL

Oriental Literature (London, 182o), an See also:

ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay entitled, " See also:

ANALYTICAL

Analytical Comparison of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and See also:

Teutonic Languages," in which he extended to all parts of the See also:

GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar what he had done in his first book for the verb alone. He had previously published a See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition, with a Latin See also:

TRANSLATION

translation and notes, of the See also:

story of Nala and Damayanti (London, 1819), the most beautiful See also:

EPISODE

episode of the Mahabharata. Other episodes of the Mahabharata—Indralokagamanam, and three others (See also:

Berlin, 1824); See also:

DILUVIUM (Lat. for " deluge," from diluere, to wash away)

Diluvium, and three others (Berlin, 1829); and a new edition of Nala (Berlin, 1832)—followed in due course, all of which, with A. W. Schlegel's edition of the Bhagavadgita (1823), proved excellent See also:

AIDS

aids in initiating the early student into the See also:

READING

reading of Sanskrit texts. On the publication, in Calcutta, of the whole Mahabharata, Bopp discontinued editing Sanskrit texts,and confined himself thenceforth exclusively to grammatical investigations. After a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, Bopp was, on the recommendation of Humboldt, appointed to the See also:

CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of Sanskrit and See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative grammar at Berlin in 1821, and was elected member of the Royal Prussian See also:

Academy in the following See also:

YEAR

year. He brought out, in 1827, his Ausfiihrliches Lehrgebaude der Sanskrita-Sprache, on which he had been engaged since 1821. A new edition, in Latin, was commenced in the following year, and completed in 1832; and a shorter grammar appeared in 1834. At the same time he compiled a Sanskrit and Latin glossary (1830) in which, more especially in the second and third See also:

EDITIONS

editions (1847 and 1867), See also:

account was also taken of the cognate languages. His See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief activity, however, centred on the elaboration of his Comparative Grammar, which appeared in six parts at consider-able intervals (Berlin, 1833, 1835, 1842, 1847, 1849, 1852), under the title Vergleichende Grammatik See also:

des Sanskrit, Zend, Griechischen, Lateinischen, Litthauischen, Altslavischen, Gothischen, and Deutschen. How carefully this See also:

WORK

work was matured may be gathered from the See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of monographs printed in the Trans-actions of the Berlin Academy (1824 to 1831), by which it was preceded.

They See also:

bear the See also:

general title, Vergleichende Zergliederung des Sanskrits and der mit ihm verwandten Sprachen. Two other essays (on the " Numerals," 1835) followed the publication of the first See also:

PART

part of the Comparative Grammar. The Old-Slavonian began to take its stand among the languages compared from the second part onwards. The work was translated into See also:

ENGLISH

English by E. B. See also:

EASTWICK, EDWARD BACKHOUSE (1814–1883)

Eastwick in 1845. A second German edition, thoroughly revised (1856-1861), comprised also the Old-Armenian. From this edition an excellent See also:

French translation was made by See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

Michel See also:

BREAL, MICHEL JULES ALFRED (1832— )

Breal in 1866. The task which Bopp endeavoured to carry out in his Comparative Grammar was threefold,—to give a description of the See also:

ORIGINAL

original grammatical structure of the languages as deduced from their intercomparison, to trace their phonetic See also:

LAWS

laws, and to investigate the origin of their grammatical forms. The first and second points were subservient to the third. As Bopp's researches were based on the best available See also:

SOURCES

sources, and incorporated every new See also:

ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item of See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information that came to See also:

LIGHT

light, so they continued to widen and deepen in their progress. See also:

Witness his monographs on the vowel See also:

SYSTEM

system in the Teutonic languages (1836), on the See also:

CELTIC

Celtic languages (1839), on the Old-Prussian (1853) and Albanian languages (1854), on the See also:

ACCENT

accent in Sanskrit and Greek (1854), on the relationship of the Malayo-Polynesian with the Indo-See also:

EUROPEAN

European languages (1840), and on the Caucasian languages (1846).

In the two last mentioned the impetus of his See also:

GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius led him on a wrong track. Bopp has been charged with neglecting the study of the native Sanskrit grammars, but in those early days of Sanskrit studies the requisite materials were not accessible in the See also:

GREAT

great See also:

LIBRARIES

libraries of See also:

EUROPE

Europe; and if they had been, they would have absorbed his exclusive attention for years, while such grammars as those of Wilkins and Colebrooke, from which his grammatical knowledge was derived, were all based on native grammars. The further See also:

charge that Bopp, in his Comparative Grammar, gave undue prominence to Sanskrit may be disproved by his own words; for, as early as the year 1820, he gave it as his See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that frequently the cognate languages serve to elucidate grammatical forms lost in Sanskrit (Annals of Or. Lit. i. 3),-an opinion which he further See also:

DEVELOPED

developed in all his subsequent writings. Bopp's researches, carried with wonderful penetration into the most See also:

minute and almost microscopical details of linguistic phenomena, have led to the opening up of a wide and distant view into the original seats, the closer or more distant See also:

affinity, and the tenets, practices and domestic usages of the See also:

ancient Indo-European nations, and the See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of comparative grammar may truly be said to date from his earliest publication. In grateful recognition of that fact, on the fiftieth anniversary (May 16, 1866) of the date of Windischmann's preface to that work, a fund called Die Bopp-Stiftung, for the promotion of the study of Sanskrit and comparative grammar, was established at Berlin, to which liberal contributions were made by his numerous pupils and admirers in all parts of the globe. Bopp lived to see the results of his labours everywhere accepted, and his name justly celebrated. But he died, on the 23rd of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1867, a poor 1man,—though his genuine kindliness and unselfishness, his devotion to his See also:

FAMILY

family and See also:

friends, and his rare modesty, endeared him to all who knew him. See M. Breal's translation of Bopp's Vergl. Gramm.

(1866) introduction; Th. See also:

BENFEY, THEODOR (1809-1881)

Benfey, Gesch. der S rach'vissenschaft (1869) ; A. See also:

KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT (1812–1881)

Kuhn in Unsere Zeit, Neue Folge, iv. I (1868); Lefmann, Franz Bopp (Berlin, 1891-1897).

End of Article: BOPP, FRANZ (1791-1867)

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