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See also:CARROLL, See also:JOHN (1735-1815) , See also:American See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:prelate, was See also:born at Upper See also:Marlborough, See also:Prince See also:George's See also:county, See also:Maryland, on the 8th of See also:January 1735, the son of wealthy Catholic parents and a See also:cousin of See also:Charles Carroll " of Carrollton." He was educated at St Omer's in See also:Flanders, becoming a novitiate in the Society of Jesus in 1753, and then at the Jesuit See also:college in See also:Liege, being ordained See also:priest in 1769 and becoming See also:professor of See also:philosophy and See also:theology. In 1771 he became a professed See also:father of the Society of Jesus and professor at See also:Bruges. As See also:tutor to the son of See also:Lord Stourton, he travelled through See also:Europe in 1772-1793. After the papal brief of the 21st of See also:July 1773 suppressed the Society of Jesus, he accompanied its See also:English members thenin Flanders to See also:England. In 1774 he returned to See also:America, and set to See also:work at a See also:mission at See also:Rock See also:Creek, See also:Montgomery county, Maryland, where his See also:mother lived. He shared the feeling for See also:independence growing among the American colonists, foreseeing that it would mean greater religious freedom. In 1776, at the See also:request of the See also:continental See also:congress, he accompanied See also:Benjamin See also:Franklin, Charles Carroll and See also:Samuel See also:Chase on their mission to secure the aid or See also:neutrality of the See also:French-Canadians, and though unsuccessful it gained for him the friendship of Franklin. In 1783 he took a prominent See also:part in the See also:petition to See also:Rome to take the See also:control of the American See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church away from See also:London; and on Franklin's recommendation, Carroll was named See also:prefect apostolic, the American church being recognized as a distinct See also:body in a See also:decree issued by See also:Cardinal See also:Antonelli on the 9th of See also:June 1784. In the summer of 1785 he began his visitations; in 1786 he induced the See also:general See also:chapter to authorize a Catholic See also:seminary (now See also:Georgetown University); and at the same session it was voted that the See also:condition of the church required a See also:bishop, accountable directly to the See also:pope (and not to the See also:Congregation of the Propaganda) and chosen by the American See also:clergy. Consent to this course was given by Antonelli in a See also:letter of the 12th of July 1788. The clergy met at Whitemarsh, Maryland, and See also:Baltimore was adopted as the episcopal seat, Carroll being chosen as bishop; and on the 6th of See also:November 1789 See also:Pius VI. issued a See also:bull to that effect, Carroll being consecrated at Lulworth See also:Castle, England, on the 15th of See also:August 1790,
On his return from England the bishop saw Georgetown College completed (1791), thanks to moneys he had received from English Catholics. His first See also:synod met on the 7th of November 1791; and on the 16th he issued the " Circular on See also:Christian See also:Marriage," which attacked marriage by any See also:save " lawful pastors of our church." In 1795 the Rev. Leonard See also:Neale (1746-1817) was appointed his coadjutor. In 1799, after the See also:death of See also:Washington, Bishop Carroll bade his clergy hold the 22nd of See also:February ',Soo as a See also:day of See also:mourning, and on that day delivered in his See also:pro-See also:cathedral a memorial discourse which attracted much See also:attention. Already in 1802 he was pressing for the creation of new See also:sees in his See also:diocese, and the See also:Louisiana See also:Purchase of 1803 gave added See also:weight to this request; in See also:September 1805 the Propaganda made him See also:administrator apostolic of the diocese of New See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, to which he appointed John See also:Olivier as See also:vicar general; and in 18o8 Pius VII. divided Carroll's See also:great diocese into four sees, See also:Boston, New See also:York, See also:Philadelphia and Bardstown (See also:Kentucky), See also:suffragan to the metropolitanate of Baltimore, of which Carroll actually became See also:archbishop by the See also:assumption of the See also:long delayed See also:gallium on the 18th of August 1811, having consecrated three suffragans in the autumn of ,81o. In 18er ecclesiastical See also:jurisdiction over the Danish and Dutch See also:West Indies was bestowed upon him. Carroll was now an old See also:man, and the See also:shock of the See also:war of 1812, which as a staunch Federalist he had opposed until its actual See also:declaration, together with the See also:action of the See also:Holy See in appointing to the sees of Philadelphia and New York other candidates than' those of his recommendation, weighed on his mind. He died in Georgetown on the 3rd of See also:December 1815. He may well be reckoned the greatest figure in the Roman Catholic Church of the See also:United States. His position in the church had never been easy, partly because he had been a prominent member of the Society of Jesus. The great See also:size of his diocese had made it unwieldy; and his struggle to secure the independence of the American church had been a difficult one. As a defender of papal and episcopal authority he had, especially in Philadelphia and Baltimore, to See also:deal with churches whose trustees insisted that they and their parishes alone could choose priests, that bishop or prefect could not See also:object to their choice. Akin to this difficulty was the See also:desire of Catholics of different nationalities to have See also:separate churches, a desire often created or encouraged by intriguing and ambitious priests. Besides these and other See also:internal annoyances, Carroll had to meet the deep-seated distrust of his church in communities settled almost exclusively by Protestants.
See John Gilmary Shea, See also:History of the Catholic Church in the United States, vol. ii. (1763-1815), (See also:Akron and New York, 1888);
and See also:Daniel Brent, See also:Biographical See also:Sketch of the Most Rev. John Carroll, First Archbishop of Baltimore, with Select Portions of His Writings, edited by John Carroll Brent (Baltimore, 1843).
End of Article: CARROLL, JOHN (1735-1815)
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