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See also:GOLDEN See also:ROSE (See also:rosa aurea) , an See also:ornament made of wrought See also:gold and set with gems, generally sapphires, which is blessed by the See also:pope on the See also:fourth (Laetare) See also:Sunday of See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
Lent, and usually afterwards sent as a See also:mark of See also:special favour to some distinguished individual, to a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, or a See also:civil community. Formerly it was a single rose of wrought gold, coloured red, but the See also:form finally adopted is a thorny See also:branch with leaves and See also:flowers, the petals of which are decked with gems, surmounted by one See also:principal rose. The origin of the See also:custom is obscure. From very See also:early times popes have given away a rose on the fourth Sunday of Lent, whence the name See also:Dominica Rosa, sometimes given to this feast. The practice of blessing and sending some such See also:symbol (e.g. eulogiae) goes back to the earliest See also:Christian antiquity, but the use of the rose itself does not seem to go farther back than the filth See also:century. According to some authorities it was used by See also:Leo IX. (1049-1054), but in any See also:case Pope See also:Urban II. sent one to See also:Fulk of See also:Anjou during the preparations for the first crusade. Pope Urban V., who sent a golden rose to See also:Joanna of See also:Naples in ..1366, is alleged to have been the first to determine that one should be consecrated annually. Beginning with the 16th century there went regularly with the rose a See also:letter See also:relating the reasons why it was sent, and reciting the merits and virtues of the See also:receiver. When the See also:change was made from the form of the See also:simple rose to the branch is uncertain. The rose sent by See also:Innocent IV. in 1244 to See also:Count See also:Raymond Berengar IV. of See also:Provence was a simple See also:flower without any See also:accessory ornamentation, while the one given by See also:Benedict XI. in 1303 or 1304 to the
church of St See also:Stephen at See also:Perugia consisted of a branch garnished with five open and two closed. See also:roses enriched with a See also:sapphire, the whole having a value of seventy ducats. The value of the See also:gift vaiied according to the See also:character or See also:rank of the recipient. See also:John XXII. gave away some weighing 12 oz., and See also:worth from £250 to £325. Among the recipients of this See also:honour have been See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry VI. of See also:England, 1446; See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James III. of See also:Scotland, on whom the rose (made by Jacopo Magnolio) was conferred by Innocent VIII.; James IV. of Scotland; See also:Frederick the See also:Wise, elector of See also:Saxony, who received a rose from Leo X. in 1518; Henry VIII. of England, who received three, the last from See also:Clement VII. in 1524 (each had nine branches, and rested on different forms of feet, one on oxen, the second on acorns, and the third on lions); See also:Queen See also:Mary, who received one in 1555 from See also:Julius III.; the See also:republic of See also:Lucca, so favoured by See also:Pius IV., in 1564; the Lateran See also:Basilica by Pius V. three years later; the See also:sanctuary of See also:Loreto by See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory XIII. in 1584; Maria See also:Theresa, queen of See also:France, who received it from Clement IX. in 1668; Mary Casimir, queen of See also:Poland, from Innocent XI. in 1684 in recognition of the deliverance of See also:Vienna by her See also:husband, John Sobieski; Benedict XIII. (1726) presented one to the See also:cathedral of See also:Capua, and in 1833 it was sent by Gregory XVI. to the church of St Mark's,See also:Venice. In more See also:recent times it was sent to See also:Napoleon III. of France, the empress See also:Eugenie, and the queens See also:Isabella II., See also:Christina (1886) and See also:Victoria (1906) of See also:Spain. The gift of the golden rose used almost invariably to accompany the See also:coronation of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of the See also:Romans. If in any particular See also:year no one is considered worthy of the rose, it is laid up in the Vatican.
Some of the most famous See also:Italian goldsmiths have been employed in making the earlier roses; and such intrinsically valuable See also:objects have, in See also:common with other priceless See also:historical examples of the goldsmiths' See also:art, found their way to the melting-pot. It is, therefore, not surprising that the number of existing historic specimens is very small. These include one of the 14th century in the See also:Cluny Museum, See also:Paris, believed to have been sent by Clement V. to the See also:prince-See also:bishop of See also:Basel; another conferred in 1458 on his native See also:city of See also:Siena by Pope Pius II.; and the rose bestowed upon Siena by See also:Alexander VII., a son of that city, which is depicted in a procession in a See also:fresco in the Palazzo Pubblico at Siena. The surviving roses of more recent date include that presented by Benedict XIII. to Capua cathedral; the rose conferred on the empress See also:Caroline by Pius VII., 1819, at Vienna; one of 1833 (Gregory XVI.) at St Mark's, Venice; and Pope Leo XIII.'s rose sent to Queen Christina of Spain,
which is at See also:Madrid.
End of Article: GOLDEN ROSE (rosa aurea)
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