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PASCHAL CHRONICLE (Chronicum Paschale...

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Originally appearing in Volume V20, Page 883 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PASCHAL See also:CHRONICLE (Chronicum Paschale, also Chronicum Alexandrinum or Constantinopolitanum, or See also:Fasti See also:Siculi) , so called from being based upon the See also:Easter See also:canon, an outline of See also:chronology' from See also:Adam down to A.D. 629, accompanied by numerous See also:historical and theological notes. The See also:work, which is imperfect at the beginning and end (breaking off in the See also:year 627), is preceded by an introduction on the See also:Christian methods of reckoning See also:time and the Easter See also:cycle. It was written during the reign of See also:Heraclius (610-641), and is generally attributed to an unknown See also:Byzantine cleric and friend of the See also:patriarch See also:Sergius, who is specially alluded to as responsible for the introduction of certain See also:ritual innovations. The so-called Byzantine or See also:Roman era (which continued in use in the See also:Greek See also:Church until its liberation from See also:Turkish See also:rule) was adopted in the Chronicum for the first time as the See also:foundation of chronology, in accordance with which the date of the creation is given as the 21st of See also:March, 5507. The author is merely a compiler from earlier See also:works, except in the See also:history of the last See also:thirty years, which has the value of a contemporary See also:record. The See also:chief authorities used were: See also:Julius Sextus See also:Africanus (3rd See also:century); the consular Fasti; the Chronicle and Church History of See also:Eusebius; See also:John See also:Malalas; the See also:Arta martyrum; the See also:treatise of See also:Epiphanius, See also:bishop of See also:Constantia (the old See also:Salamis) in See also:Cyprus (fl. 4th century), on Weights and See also:Measures. See also:Editions: L. See also:Dindorf (1832) in Corpus scriptorum hist. byzantinae, with Du Cange's See also:preface and commentary; J. P. See also:Migne, Patrologia graeca, xcii.; see also C.

See also:

Wachsmuth, Einleitung in das Studium der See also:alien Geschichte (1895) ; H. Gelzer, Sextus Julius Africanus and See also:die byzantinische Chronographie, ii. r (1885); J. See also:van der See also:Hagen, Observationes in Heraclii imperatoris methodum paschalem (1736, but still considered indispensable) ; E. See also:Schwarz in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, iii., pt. 2 (1899); C. See also:Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteralur (1897). PAS-DE-See also:CALAIS, a maritime See also:department of See also:northern See also:France, formed in 1790 of nearly the whole of See also:Artois and the northern maritime portion of See also:Picardy including Boulonnais, Calaisis, Ardresis, and the districts of Langle and Bredenarde, and bounded N. by the Straits of See also:Dover (" Pas de Calais " ), E. by the department of See also:Nord, S. by that of See also:Somme, and W. by the See also:English Channel. Pop. (1906), 1,012,466; See also:Area 2606 sq. m. Except in the neighbourhood of See also:Boulogne-sur-Mer with its See also:cotes de fer or " See also:iron coasts," the seaboard of the department, which measures 65 m., consists of See also:dunes. From the mouth of the Aa (the limit towards Nord) it trends See also:west-See also:south-west to Gris Nez, the point of France nearest to See also:England; in this See also:section See also:lie the See also:port of Calais, Cape See also:Blanc Nez, rising 44o ft. above the sandy shores, and the port of Wissant (Wishant). The seaside resorts include Boulogne, See also:Berck-sur-Mer, See also:Paris-Plage, Wimereux, &c. Beyond Griz Nez the direction is due south; in this section are the small port of Ambleteuse, Boulogne at the mouth of the Liane, and the two bays formed by the estuaries of the Canche and the Authie (the limit towards Somme).

The highest point in the department (700 ft.) is in the west, between Boulogne and St Omer. From the uplands in which it is situated the Lys and Scarpe flow See also:

east to the See also:Scheldt, the Aa See also:north to the See also:German Ocean, and the Slack, Wimereux and Liane to the Channel. Farther south are the valleys of the Canche and the Authie, See also:running E.S.E. and W.N.W., and thus parallel with the Somme. Vast plains, open and monotonous, but extremely fertile and well cultivated, occupy most of the department. To the north of the hills running between St Omer and Boulogne, to the south of See also:Gravelines and the south-east of Calais, lies the See also:district of the Wattergands, See also:fens now drained by means of canals and dikes, and turned into highly productive See also:land. The See also:climate is See also:free from extremes of See also:heat and See also:cold, but See also:damp and changeable. At See also:Arras the mean See also:annual temperature is 470; on the See also:coast it is higher. The rainfall varies from 24 to 32 in., though at Cape Gris Nez the latter figure is much exceeded. Cereals are largely grown and give See also:good yields to the See also:acre; the other See also:principal crops are potatoes, See also:sugar-See also:beet, See also:forage, oil-See also:plants and See also:tobacco. See also:Market gardening flourishes in the Wattergands. The rearing of livestock and poultry is actively carried on, and the horses of the Boulonnais are specially esteemed. The department is the chief in France for the See also:production of See also:coal, its principal coal-See also:basin, which is a continuation of that of See also:Valenciennes, centring See also:round See also:Bethune.

The manufacture of beetroot-sugar, oil and See also:

alcohol distilling, iron-working, See also:dyeing, See also:brewing, See also:paper-making, and various branches of the textile manufacture, are foremost among the See also:industries of the department. Boulogne, Calais and Etaples See also:fit out a considerable number of vessels for the See also:cod, See also:herring and • See also:mackerel See also:fisheries. Calais and Boulogne are important ports of passenger-transit for England; and Boulogne also carries on a large export See also:trade in the products of the department. The See also:canal See also:system comprises See also:part of the Aa, the Lys, the Scarpe, the Detlle (a tributary of the Lys passing by See also:Lille), the Lawe (a tributary of the Lys passing by Bethune), and the Sensee (an affluent of the Scheldt), as well as the canals of See also:Aire to Bauvin, Neuffosse, Calais, Calais to See also:Ardres, &c., and in this way a See also:line of communication is formed from the Scheldt to the See also:sea by Bethune, St Omer and Calais, with branches to Gravelines and See also:Dunkirk. The department is served by the Northern railway. Pas-de-Calais forms the See also:diocese of Arras (archbishopric of See also:Cambrai), belongs to the district of the I. See also:army See also:corps, the educational See also:division (academie) of Lille and the circumscription of the See also:appeal See also:court of See also:Douai. There are six arrondissements (Arras, Bethune, Boulogne, See also:Montreuil-sur-Mer, St Omer and St Pol-sur-Ternoise). The more noteworthy places are Arras, the See also:capital, Boulogne, Calais, St Omer, Bethune, See also:Lens, Montreuil-sur-Mer, See also:Bruay, Berck, Etaples and Aire-sur-la-Lys, which are noticed separately. Besides some of the towns mentioned, Lievin (22,070), Henin-Lietard (13,384), in the neighbourhood of Lens, are large centres of See also:population. Other places of some importance are: Lillers (pop. 5341), which carries on See also:boot-making and has a See also:fine Romanesque church of the 12th century; Hesdin, which owes its See also:regular See also:plan to See also:Charles V., by whom it was built; and St Poi, which has the remains of See also:medieval fortifications and castles and gave its name to the famous See also:counts of St Pol.

End of Article: PASCHAL CHRONICLE (Chronicum Paschale, also Chronicum Alexandrinum or Constantinopolitanum, or Fasti Siculi)

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