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PRECINCT OF APOLLO

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Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 973 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PRECINCT OF See also:APOLLO . See also:Scale of Metres to 2U 3P 4? 1 Scale of Yards 10 20 3O If By permission from See also:plan in Ilonrolle. Archives de rintendance Sacede See also:Delos 972 which it dominates by the height of its steps as well as of the See also:terrace already mentioned; its position must have been more commanding in See also:ancient times than it is now that heaps of See also:earth and debris See also:cover so much of the level. The See also:temple was of Doric See also:style, with six columns at the front and back and thirteen at the sides; it was built See also:early in the 4th See also:century B.C.; little if any traces have been found of the earlier See also:building which it superseded. Its sculptural decoration appears to have been but scanty; the metopes were See also:plain. The See also:groups which ornamented, as acroteria, the two gables of the temple have been in See also:part recovered, and may now be seen in the See also:national museum at See also:Athens; at the one end was See also:Boreas carrying off Oreithyia, at the other Eos and Cephalus, the centre in each See also:case being occupied by the winged figure that stood out against the See also:sky—a variation on the winged Victories that often occupy the same position on temples. To the See also:east of the space in front of the temple was an oblong building of two See also:chambers, with a See also:colonnade on each See also:side but not in front; this may have been the See also:Prytaneum or some other See also:official building; beyond it is the most interesting and characteristic of all the monuments of See also:Delphi. This is a See also:long narrow See also:hall, See also:running from See also:north to See also:south, and entered by a See also:portico at its south end. At the north end was the famous See also:altar, built out of the horns of the victims, which was sometimes reckoned among the seven wonders of the See also:world. The See also:rest of the See also:room is taken up by a paved space, surrounded by a narrow gangway; and on this it is supposed that the yipavos or See also:stork-See also:dance took See also:place. The most remarkable architectural feature of the building is the See also:partition that separated the altar from this long See also:gallery; it consists of two columns between See also:antae, with capitals of a very See also:peculiar See also:form, consisting of the fore parts of bulls set back to back ; from these the whole building is sometimes called the See also:sanctuary of the bulls.

Beyond it, on the east, was a sacred See also:

wood filling the space up to the See also:wall of the precinct; and at the south end of this was a small open space with the altar of See also:Zeus Polieus. At the north of the precinct was a broad road, flanked with votive offerings and exedrae, and along the boundary were porticoes and chambers intended for the reception of the Bewpiat or sacred embassies; there are two entrances on this side, each of them through extensive See also:propylaea. At the north-See also:west corner of the precinct is a building of See also:lime-See also:stone, the 'rwpwos oiKOS often mentioned in the inventories of the treasures of the Delian See also:shrine. South of it is the precinct of See also:Artemis, containing within it the old temple of the goddess; her more See also:recent temple was to the south of her precinct, opening not into it but into the open space entered through the See also:southern propylaea of the precinct of Apollo. The older temple is mentioned in some of the inventories as " the temple in which were the seven statues "; and See also:close beside it was found a See also:series of archaic draped See also:female statues, which was the most important of its See also:kind until the See also:discovery of the finer and better preserved set from the Athenian See also:Acropolis. Within the precinct there were found many statues and other See also:works of See also:art, and a very large number of See also:inscriptions, some of them giving inventories of the votive offerings and accounts of the See also:administration of the temple and its See also:property. The latter are of considerable See also:interest, and give full See also:information as to the See also:sources of the See also:revenue and its See also:financial administration. Outside the precinct of Apollo, on the south, was an open place; between this and the precinct was a See also:house for the priests, and within it, in a kind of See also:court, a set of small structures that may perhaps be identified as the tombs of the Hyperborean maidens. Just to the east was the temple of See also:Dionysus, which is of peculiar plan, and faces the open place; on the other side of it is a large rectangular court, surrounded by colonnades and chambers which served as offices, the whole forming a sort of commercial See also:exchange; in the See also:middle of it was a temple dedicated to See also:Aphrodite and See also:Hermes. To the .north of the precinct of Apollo, between it and the sacred See also:lake, there are very extensive ruins of the commercial See also:town of Delos; these have been only partially cleared, but haveyielded a See also:good many inscriptions and other antiquities. The most extensive building is a very large court surrounded by chambers, a sort of See also:club or exchange. Beyond this, on the way to the east See also:coast, are the remains of the new and the old See also:palaestra, also partially excavated.

The See also:

shore of the channel facing Rheneia is lined with docks and warehouses, and behind them, as well as elsewhere in the See also:island, there have been found several private houses of the and or 3rd century B.C. Each of these consists of a single:. court surrounded by columns and often paved with See also:mosaic; various chambers open out of the court, including usually one of large proportions, the avSpwv or dining-room for guests. The See also:theatre, which is set in the See also:lower slope of See also:Mount Cynthus, has the wings of the auditorium supported by massive sub-structures. The most interesting feature is the scena, which is unique in plan; it consisted of an oblong building of two storeys, surrounded on all sides by a See also:low portico or terrace reaching to the level of the first See also:floor. This was supported by pillars, set closer together along the front than at the sides and back. An inscription found in the theatre showed that this portico, or at least the front portion of it, was called the See also:proscenium or logeum, two terms of which the identity was previously disputed. On the See also:summit of Mount Cynthus, above the See also:primitive See also:cave-temple which has always been visible, there have been found the remains of a small precinct dedicated to Zeus Cynthius and See also:Athena Cynthia. Some way down the slope of the See also:hill, between the cave-temple and, the See also:ravine of the Inopus, is a terrace with the temples of the See also:foreign gods, See also:Isis and See also:Serapis, and a small See also:odeum. II. See also:History.—Many alternative names for Delos are given by tradition; one of these, Ortygia, is elsewhere also assigned to an island sacred to Artemis. Of the various traditions that were current among the ancient Greeks regarding the origin of Delos, the most popular describes it as drifting through the See also:Aegean till moored by Zeus as a See also:refuge for the wandering Leto. It supplied a birthplace to Apollo and Artemis, who were See also:born beneath a See also:palm See also:tree beside its sacred lake, and became for ever sacred to these twin deities.

The island first appears in history as the seat of a See also:

great Ionic festival to which the various Ionic states, including Athens, were accustomed annually to despatch a sacred See also:embassy, or Theoria, at 'the anniversary of the See also:birth of the See also:god on the 7th of Thargelion (about May). In the 6th century B.C. the See also:influence of the Delian Apollo was at its height; See also:Polycrates of See also:Samos dedicated the neighbouring island of Rheneia to his service and See also:Peisistratus of Athens caused all the See also:area within sight of the temple to be cleared of the tombs by which its sanctity was impaired. After the See also:Persian See also:wars, the predominance of Athens led to the transformation of the Delian See also:amphictyony into the Athenian See also:empire. (See DELIAN See also:LEAGUE.) In 426 B.C., in connexion with a reorganization of the festival, which henceforth was celebrated in the third See also:year of every See also:Olympiad, the Athenians instituted a more elaborate See also:lustration, caused every See also:tomb to be removed from the island, and established a See also:law that ever after any one who was about to See also:die or to give birth to a See also:child should be at once conveyed from its shores. And even this was not accounted sufficient, for in 422 they expelled all its See also:secular inhabitants, who were, however, permitted to return in the following year. At the close of the Peloponnesian See also:War the Spartans gave to the See also:people of Delos the management of their own affairs; but the Athenian predominance was soon after restored, and survived an See also:appeal to the amphictyony of Delphi in 345 B.C. During Macedonian times, from 322 to 166 B.C., Delos again became See also:independent; during this See also:period the shrine was enriched by offerings from all quarters, and the temple and its possessions were administered by officials called le pow-See also:owl . After 166 B.C. the See also:Romans restored the See also:control of Delian See also:worship to Athens, but granted to the island various commercial privileges which brought it great prosperity. In 87 B.C. Menophanes, the See also:general of See also:Mithradates VI. of See also:Pontus, sacked the island, which had remained faithful to See also:Rome. From this See also:blow it never recovered; the Athenian control was resumed in 42 B.C., but See also:Pausanias (viii. 33.

2) mentions Delos as deserted but for a few Athenian officials; and several epigrams of the 1st or end century A.D. attest the same fact, though the temple and worship were probably kept up until the official extinction of the ancient See also:

religion. A museum has now been built to contain the antiquities found in the excavations; otherwise Delos is now uninhabited, though during the summer months a few shepherds See also:cross over with their flocks from Myconus or Rheneia. As a religious centre it is replaced by Tenos and as a commercial centre by the flourishing See also:port of See also:Syra. See Lebegue, Recherches sur Delos (See also:Paris, 1876). Numerous articles in the Bulletin de correspondance hellenique See also:record the various discoveries at Delos as they were made. See also Th. Homolle, See also:Les Archives de l'intendance sacree d Delos (with plan). The best consecutive See also:account is given in the See also:Guide Joanne, Grece, ii. 443-464. For history, see See also:Sir R. C. See also:Jebb, See also:Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1.

(1889), pp. 7-62. For works of art found at Delos see See also:

GREEK ART. (E. GR.) DE LOUTHERBOURG, See also:PHILIP See also:JAMES (1740-1812), See also:English artist, was born at See also:Strassburg on the 31st of See also:October 1740, where his See also:father, the representative of a See also:Polish See also:family, practised See also:miniature See also:painting; but he spent the greater part of his See also:life in See also:London, where he was naturalized, and exerted a considerable influence on the scenery of the English See also:stage, as well as on the artists of the following See also:generation. De Loutherbourg was intended for the Lutheran See also:ministry, and was educated at the university of Strassburg. ,As the calling, however, was foreign to his nature, he insisted on being a painter, and placed him-self under See also:Vanloo in Paris. The result was an immediate and precocious development of his See also:powers, and he became a figure in the fashionable society of that See also:day. In 1767 he was elected into the See also:French See also:Academy below the See also:age required by the law of the institution, and painted landscapes, See also:sea storms, battles, all of which had a celebrity above those of the specialists then working in Paris. His debut was made by the See also:exhibition of twelve pictures, including " See also:Storm at Sunset," " See also:Night,'' " See also:Morning after See also:Rain." He is next found travelling in See also:Switzerland, See also:Germany and See also:Italy, distinguishing himself as much by See also:mechanical inventions as by painting. One of these, showing quite new effects produced in a See also:model theatre, was the wonder of the day. The exhibition of See also:lights behind See also:canvas representing the See also:moon and stars, the illusory See also:appearance of running See also:water produced by clear See also:blue sheets of See also:metal and See also:gauze, with loose threads of See also:silver, and so on, were his devices.

In ?771 he came to London, and was employed by See also:

Garrick, who offered him £soo a year to apply his inventions to See also:Drury See also:Lane, and to superintend the See also:scene-painting, which he did with See also:complete success, making a new era in the adjuncts of the stage. Garrick's own piece, the See also:Christmas See also:Tale, and the See also:pantomime, 1781-1782, introduced the novelties to the public, and the delight not only of the masses, but of See also:Reynolds and the artists, was unbounded. The See also:green trees gradually became russet, the moon See also:rose and lit the edges of passing clouds; and all the world was captivated by effects we now take little See also:notice of. A still greater See also:triumph awaited him on his opening an entertainment called the " Eidophusicon," which showed the rise, progress and result of a storm at sea—that which destroyed the great Indiaman, the " Halsewell,"—and the Fallen Angels raising the See also:Palace of Pandemonium. De Loutherbourg has been called the inventor of the See also:panorama, but this See also:honour does not belong to him, although it first appeared about the same See also:time as the eidophusicon. The first panorama was painted and exhibited by See also:Robert See also:Barker. All this mechanism did not prevent De Loutherbourg from painting. " See also:Lord See also:Howe's Victory off See also:Ushant " (1794), and other large See also:naval pictures were commissioned for See also:Greenwich See also:Hospital Gallery, where they still remain. His finest See also:work was the " Destruction of the See also:Armada." He painted also the Great See also:Fire of London, and several See also:historical works, one of these being the " Attack of the Combined Armies on See also:Valenciennes " (1793). He was made R.A., in addition to other distinctions, in 1781, shortly after which date we find an entirely new See also:mental impulse taking See also:possession of him. He joined Balsamo, See also:comte de See also:Cagliostro, and travelled about with this extraordinary See also:person—leaving him, however, before his condemnation to See also:death. We do not hearthat See also:Mesmer had attracted De Loutherbourg, nor do we find an exact record of his connexion with Cagliostro.

A pamphlet published in 1789, A See also:

List of a few See also:Cures performed by Mr and Mrs De Loutherbourg without See also:Medicine, shows that he had taken up faith-healing, and there is a See also:story that a successful See also:projection of the philosopher's stone was only spoiled by the breaking of the crucible by a relative. He died on the 1 r th of See also:March 1812.

End of Article: PRECINCT OF APOLLO

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