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long from N. to S., and is entered by two channels, that on the S., some 1,400 yds. wide, and that on the N., 220 yds. wide and now almost silted up. To the See also:

north lies an extensive shallow See also:

basin, called the See also:

LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon of See also:

Osman See also:

AGA, or AGHA

Aga, originally part of the See also:

GREAT

great See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour but now cut off from it by a narrow sandbank. North of Sphagia is the rocky headland of Pylos or Coryphasium, called in See also:

MODERN

modern times Palaeo-Navarino or Palaeokastro, from the Venetian ruins on its See also:

SUMMIT

summit. Originally an island, this headland was in classical times, as now, connected by a narrow See also:

bar with the See also:

LOWER

lower promontory of Hagios Nikolaos on the north; it is now See also:

UNITED

united to the mainland also by the sandbar already mentioned. Most scholars, ancient and modern, have identified this with the Homeric Pylos, the See also:

home of See also:

NELEUS

Neleus and See also:

Nestor,and a See also:

cave on the north slope of Coryphasium is pointed out as that in which See also:

Hermes hid the stolen See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle of See also:

APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo. But this view presents considerable difficulties, and See also:

STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (viii. 348 sqq.) argued that the Pylos of Nestor must be the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of that name in Triphylia. After the Dorian See also:

MIGRATION

migration Pylos declined, and it is referred to by See also:

THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides (iv. 3) as a deserted headland in 425 B.C.

In May of that See also:

YEAR

year, the seventh of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians sent an expedition to See also:

SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily under command of See also:

EURYMEDON

Eurymedon and See also:

SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles. With them was the See also:

general, See also:

DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes, who landed at Coryphasium with a See also:

BODY

body of Athenian troops and hastily fortified it. The Spartans, who were then invading See also:

ATTICA

Attica, withdrew their forces and attacked them vigorously by See also:

sea and See also:

LAND

land, but were re-pulsed, and the Athenians were enabled by the arrival and victory of their See also:

FLEET

fleet to See also:

blockade on the island of Sphacteria a body of 420 Spartiates with their attendant See also:

HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

helots. A truce was concluded, but See also:

peace negotiations were defeated by See also:

CLEON (d. 422 B.C.)

Cleon (q.v.), who was himself appointed to conduct operations with Demosthenes. A large body of See also:

LIGHT

light troops was landed and drove the Spartans from their encampment by a well in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the island to its See also:

NORTHERN

northern extremity. Their heroic resistance was overcome by a See also:

REAR

rear attack directed by a Messenian, who led a body of men by a difficult path along the cliffs on the See also:

east, and the 292 Spartan survivors laid down their arms 72 days after the beginning of the blockade. Their surrender made a deep impression on the whole See also:

Greek See also:

WORLD

world, which had learned to regard small hole near the bottom, through which the See also:

PYGMY, or PIGMY (Gr. avy,uavos, from avypij, a Greek measure of length corresponding to " the distance between the elbow and knuckles " of a man of average size)

pygmy crawls on all fours. Ten or twelve of these arbours constitute a See also:

VILLAGE

village. These arbours are only temporary habitations, as the pygmies are always moving on to different portions of the See also:

FOREST

forest in pursuit of See also:

GAME

game. The Philippine See also:

PIETAS

Pietas show the same nomadic tendencies. The dwellings of the See also:

MALAY

Malay Semangs are See also:

mere lean-to's, constructed of matted See also:

palm-leaves, while the Karons of New See also:

GUINEA

Guinea live in wretched hovels of foliage and branches, and in some districts have no habitations whatever. The pygmies are seldom if ever tillers of the See also:

SOIL

soil.

The See also:

AFRICAN

African forest dwarfs live mainly on the flesh of birds, See also:

deer and other animals, which they shoot with bows and arrows. They eat See also:

white ants, See also:

BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee grubs and the larvae of beetles, also See also:

HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild beans and mushrooms. They are fond of fruits, particularly bananas, which they obtain from their bigger neighbours by See also:

BARTER (from Fr. barater, to truck, to exchange)

barter or by See also:

PLUNDER

plunder. They eat the vegetables raw, while the See also:

MEAT

meat is broiled in the ashes of the See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire until quite dry. Their utensils consist solely of a few See also:

clay cooking-pots and gourds for See also:

WATER

water. There is no See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of See also:

CANNIBALISM

cannibalism among the pygmy races. The six Mambute pygmies brought to See also:

England in 1906 soon became acclimatized. They took most kindly to See also:

EUROPEAN

European See also:

DIET

diet and clothing. At the expiry of eighteen months they went back to the Ituri forest much improved in See also:

HEALTH

health, having each gained on an See also:

AVERAGE

average 91 lb in See also:

WEIGHT

weight. They are most daring hunters, and marvellously skilful archers. Though of small See also:

SIZE

size they are well made and agile, and are able to dart in and out with the greatest of ease amongst the tall tangled vegetation of the tropical woodlands. The See also:

BATWA

Batwa, from the See also:

south of the See also:

CONGO

Congo, successfully attack elephants, See also:

SHOOTING

shooting them with their tiny poisoned arrows.

The See also:

POISON

poison is obtained from the juice of certain See also:

PLANTS

plants, and also from decaying See also:

animal See also:

MATTER

matter derived from the putrefaction of ants. The Andaman pygmies live exclusively by See also:

HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and fishing. The African pygmies marry at a very See also:

early See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, often when only nine or ten years old. See also:

MARRIAGE

Marriage is simply a question of the See also:

PURCHASE

purchase of the girl from her See also:

FATHER

father; the purchase-See also:

price being from ten to fifteen arrows, occasionally supplemented, in the See also:

case of a desirable wife, by one or two spears or some See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco. A See also:

man may have as many wives as he can afford to buy. A See also:

MOTHER

mother gives See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to her offspring in the forest, severing the See also:

NAVEL (O. Eng. nafela, a word common to Teutonic languages; of. Ger. Nobel, Swed. nafvel; the Sanskrit is nabhila; the English root is also seen in " nave," the hub of a wheel)

navel-See also:

CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord with her See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, and burying the See also:

PLACENTA (Lat. for a cake)

placenta in the ground. The families are usually small, rarely exceeding three in number. There is great rejoicing when a boy is See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, while the unlucky girl baby is beaten by her father with See also:

PLANTAIN (Lat. plantago)

plantain leaves. The boys are often circumcised. There is great See also:

AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection between the See also:

HUSBAND

husband and the wife and between the parents and the See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children. The duration of See also:

LIFE

life is See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short in the See also:

EQUATORIAL

equatorial forests, See also:

DEATH

death usually taking place before the age of See also:

FORTY

forty. The dead are buried in See also:

GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief's wives being sometimes killed and buried along with him.

The African pygmies have little if any belief in life after death. They say death is the end of everything. They have a vague belief in ' Oudah," a sort of pygmy See also:

DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil, who is responsible for sudden death and such-like calamities. There is no trace of spirit or ancestor See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship. The Andaman Islanders have a vague belief in a sort of See also:

god—" Puluga "—an invisible being who lives in a large See also:

stone See also:

house in the See also:

SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky, and who made all things. They also believe in an evil one, to whom they attribute sickness and death. There is no hereditary chief. In many cases a See also:

GROUP

group of pygmies simply cluster See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a skilful See also:

hunter. In the case of the Mambute pygmies, a chief is succeeded, not by his son, but by his best friend. There are no governmental See also:

LAWS

laws. See also:

MURDER

Murder in the Ituri forest is punished by the next-of-See also:

KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin lying in wait for the See also:

CULPRIT

culprit and killing him. The Negrilloes are fond of See also:

MUSIC

music and have numerous folk-songs.

They also twang on stringed bows, and See also:

BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat drums made of hollowed-out See also:

tree trunks covered in at the ends with See also:

ANTELOPE

antelope skin. They are also great dancers, keeping perfect See also:

time to the beating of the drums their bodies going through the most extraordinary contortions. They all See also:

dance together in a long See also:

LINE

line, which twists about like a snake. The forest dwarfs have some See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

DRAWING

drawing, each arrow See also:

shaft having its distinctive See also:

CARVING

carving. The Andamanese display a consider-able degree of intelligence. The Karons of New Guinea, on the other See also:

hand, seem to be of a See also:

low type of intelligence. The Negrilloes have acquired a great reputation among the neighbouring tribes for their knowledge of poisons and their antidotes. Their treatment of all pains and inflammations consists in linear scarification of the skin of the affected part. They invariably use sharpened arrow-heads for this purpose. See also:

Close observation has convinced the See also:

PRESENT

present writer that the African pygmies are endowed with a high degree of intelligence. See also:

Sir Harry See also:

Johnston believes them to be the intellectual superiors of the big negroes. They exhibit vivacity and adroitness, quickness in picking up See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information and See also:

LANGUAGES

languages, and surprising readiness in grasping the salient points of a subject.

They are wonderful mimics, and have a marked sense of See also:

HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, making witty remarks which set the others off into peals of See also:

LAUGHTER

laughter. They are as a See also:

RULE

rule See also:

bright and cheerful in disposition, will sometimes See also:

FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly into sudden fits of See also:

ill See also:

TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper and as quickly recover their See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good humour. They are cleanly in their habits, have a natural sense of a Spartan surrender as inconceivable, and to See also:

SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta their loss was so serious that the Athenians might have concluded the war on very favourable terms had they so wished. Though Pylos should have been ceded to Sparta under the terms of the peace of See also:

Nicias (421 B.c.) it was retained by the Athenians until the Spartans recaptured it early in 409 B.C. (Diodorus xiii. 64). In the middle ages the name Pylos was replaced by that of Avarino ('A(3apivos) or Navarino, derived from a body of See also:

AVARS

Avars who settled there; the current derivation from the Navarrese See also:

COMPANY

Company, who entered See also:

GREECE

Greece in 1381 and built a See also:

castle at this spot, cannot now be maintained (Eng. Hist. See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, xx. 307, xxi. Io6; Hermathena, xxxi. 430 sqq.).

From 1498 to 1821 Navarino was in the hands of the See also:

TURKS

Turks, See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save at two periods when it was held by the Venetians, who named it Zonklon. In 1821 the Greeks captured the town, situated near the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern extremity of the bay, but in 1825 they had to retire before See also:

IBRAHIM

Ibrahim See also:

PASHA

Pasha. On the loth of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1827, however, his fleet of 82 vessels was annihilated in the Bay of Navarino by 26 See also:

BRITISH

British, See also:

French and See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

SHIPS

ships under See also:

ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

Codrington (see NAVARINO, THE See also:

BATTLE

BATTLE OF). See W. M. See also:

LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777-186o)

Leake, Travels in the Morea, i. 398 sqq. (See also:

LONDON

London, 183o), and Peloponnesiaca, 190 sqq. (London, 1846); E. See also:

Curtius, Peloponnesos, ii. 173 sqq. (See also:

GOTHA

Gotha, 1852); C.

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