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Dionysius that they treated the earlier history summarily, but wrote more fully of their own times. They were followed in their use of the Greek See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language by C. Acilius (introduced a Greek See also:

EMBASSY

embassy to the See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, 155 B.C.) and A.

Postumius See also:

ALBINUS (originally WEISS), BERNHARD SIEGFRIED (1697—1770)

Albinus (See also:

consul, 151 B.C.). In the meantime, however, M. Porcius See also:

Cato the See also:

Elder (234–149 B.C.), the See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

NATIONAL

national party at Rome and a vigorous opponent of Greek See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, had treated of Roman antiquities in his Origines. This See also:

WORK

work was not purely annalistic, but treated of the ethnography and customs of the See also:

ITALIAN

Italian peoples, &c. Cato founded no school of antiquarian See also:

RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, but his use of the Latin language as the See also:

MEDIUM

medium of See also:

HISTORICAL

historical See also:

writing was followed by the See also:

ANNALISTS (from Lat. annas, year; hence annales, sc. libri, annual records)

annalists of the Gracchan See also:

period, L. See also:

Cassius Hemina, L. See also:

CALPURNIUS, TITUS

Calpurnius See also:

PISO

Piso (consul, 133 B.C.), C. Sempronius Tuditanus (consul, 129 B.C.), Cn. See also:

GELLIUS, AULUS (c. A.D. 13o-I8o)

Gellius, Vennonius, C. Fannius (consul, 122 B.c.), and L. Caelius See also:

ANTIPATER (398?-319 B.C.)

Antipater.2 By these writers some See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to apply canons of See also:

criticism to the traditional accounts of See also:

early Roman history, but they did little more than rationalize the more obviously mythical narratives; they also followed Greek See also:

LITERARY

literary See also:

MODELS

models and introduced speeches, &c., for See also:

ARTISTIC

artistic effect. Where they wrote as contemporaries, however, e.g.

Fannius in his See also:

account of the Gracchan See also:

MOVEMENT

movement, their works were of the highest value. About the beginning of this period See also:

POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius (q.v.) had published his history, which originally embraced the period of the Punic wars, and was afterwards continued to 146 B.C. His influence was not fully exerted upon Roman historians until the See also:

close of the 2nd and early See also:

PART

part of the 1st See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C., when a school of writers arose who treated history with a See also:

PRACTICAL

practical purpose, endeavouring to trace the motives of See also:

ACTION

action and to point a moral for the edification of their readers. To this school belonged Sempronius Asellio, Claudius Quadrigarius, See also:

VALERIUS, PUBLIUS

Valerius Antias and C. Licinius See also:

MACER, AEMILIUS

Macer (d. 66 B.C.). Their writings were diffuse, rhetorical and inaccurate; See also:

LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy complains of the See also:

GROSS

gross exaggerations of Valerius (whom he followed blindly in his earlier books), and Macer seems to have See also:

DRAWN

drawn much of his material from See also:

SOURCES

sources of very doubtful authenticity. Contemporary history was written by See also:

Cornelius Sisenna (119–67 B.C.), and the work of Polybius was continued to 86 B.C. by the Stoic See also:

POSIDONIUS (c. 130-50 B.C.)

Posidonius (c. 135–45 B.C.), a See also:

man of encyclopaedic knowledge. From the Gracchan period onwards the See also:

MEMOIRS

memoirs, speeches and See also:

correspondence of distinguished statesmen were often published; of these no specimens are extant until we come to the Ciceronian period, when the Speeches and Letters of See also:

CICERO

Cicero (q.v.) and the Commentaries of Julius See also:

Caesar (q.v.)—the latter continued to the close of the See also:

CIVIL

Civil War by other hands—furnish invaluable evidence for the history of their times. We possess examples of historical See also:

PAMPHLETS

pamphlets with a strong party colouring in See also:

SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust's tracts on the Jugurthine War and the See also:

CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of See also:

CATILINE [Lucius SERGIUS CATILINA] (C. I08-62 B.C.)

Catiline. During the same period Roman antiquities, See also:

GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy, See also:

CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology, &c., were exhaustively treated by M.

Terentius See also:

Varro (116–27 B.C.) (q.v.) in his Antiquitates (in 41 books) and other works. Cicero's friend, M. See also:

POMPONIUS, LUCIUS

Pomponius See also:

ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS (109–32 B.c.)

Atticus, also compiled a chronological table which was widely used, and Cornelius Nepos (q.v.) wrote a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of historical See also:

BIOGRAPHIES

biographies which have come down to us. In the Augustan See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age the materials accumulated by previous generations were worked up by compilers whose works are in some cases preserved. The work of Livy (q.v.) covered the history of Rome from its See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation to 9 B.C. in 142 books; of these only 35 are preserved in their entirety, while the contents of the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest are known in outline from an See also:

epitome (periochae) and from the compendia of See also:

Florus and later authors. Diodorus Siculus (q.v.) of Agyrium in Sicily followed the earlier annalists in the sections of his Universal History (down to Caesar) which dealt with Roman affairs; Dionysius of See also:

HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus (q.v.), in his Roman See also:

ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology (published in 7 B.C.), treated early Roman history in a more ambitious and rhetorical See also:

style, with greater fulness than Livy, whose work he seems to have used. Universal histories were also written in the Augustan age by Nicolaus of See also:

DAMASCUS

Damascus, a protege of See also:

Herod the See also:

GREAT

Great, and See also:

TROGUS, GNAEUS POMPEIUS

Trogus Pompeius, whose work is known to us from the epitome of See also:

JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin (2nd century A.D.). See also:

Juba, the learned king of See also:

MAURETANIA

Mauretania installed by Augustus, wrote a History of Rome as well as antiquarian works. See also:

STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (q.v.), whose See also:

GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography is extant, was the author of a continuation of Polybius's history (to 27 B.C.). The learning of the See also:

time was enshrined in the See also:

ENCYCLOPAEDIA

encyclopaedia of Verrius See also:

FLACCUS

Flaccus, of which we possess part of See also:

Festus's abridgment (2nd century A.D.), together with an Epitome of Festus by See also:

Paulus Diaconus (temp. See also:

Charlemagne). An official See also:

list of the consuls and other See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief magistrates of the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic was inscribed on the walls of the Regia (rebuilt 36 B.c.), followed somewhat later by a similar list of triumphatores; the former of these is known as the See also:

FASTI

Fasti Capitolini, (C.I.L.I.2, 1 sqq.), since the fragments which have been recovered are preserved in the See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace of the Conservatori on the Capitol.

The See also:

FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum of Augustus (see ROME, See also:

section Archaeology) was decorated with statues of famous Romans, on the bases of which were inscribed See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short accounts of their exploits; some of these elogia are preserved (cf. See also:

DESSAU

Dessau, Inscr. See also:

Lat. sel. 50 sgq.). Amongst writers of the imperial period who dealt with republican For these writers see further under ANNALISTS and LivY. 2 Caelius's work dealt only with the Second Punic War. history the most important are Velleius Paterculus, whose compendium of Roman history was published in A.D. 30; See also:

Plutarch (c. A.D. 45–125), in whose biographies much contemporary material was worked up; See also:

APPIAN (Gr. 'Aairtavbs)

Appian, who wrote under the Antonines and described the wars of the republic under See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical headings (partly preserved) and the civil wars in five books, and Dio Cassius (v. infra), of whose history only that portion which deals with events from 69 B.C. onwards is extant. The date of Granius See also:

LICINIANUS, GRANIUS

Licinianus, whose fragments throw See also:

LIGHT

light on the earlier civil wars, is not certain. The evidence of See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions (q.v.) and coins (q.v.) begins to be of value during the 15o years of the republic.

A series of See also:

LAWS

laws and Senatus consulta (beginning with the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus, 189 B.c.) throws light on constitutional questions, while the coins struck from about 150 B.C. onwards See also:

bear types illustrative of the traditions preserved by the families to which the masters of the See also:

mint (III viri monetales) belonged.

End of Article: CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE ROMAN

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