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See also:COMMON See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
ORDER, See also:BOOK OF , sometimes called The Order of See also:Geneva or See also:Knox's See also:Liturgy, a See also:directory for public See also:worship in the Reformed See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church in See also:Scotland. In 1557 the Scottish See also:Protestant lords in See also:council enjoined the use of the See also:English Common See also:Prayer, i.e. the Second Book of See also:Edward VI. Mean-while, at See also:Frankfort, among See also:British Protestant refugees, a controversy was going on between the upholders of the English liturgy and the See also:French Reformed Order of Worship respectively. By way of See also:compromise See also:John Knox and other ministers See also:drew up a new liturgy based upon earlier See also:Continental Reformed Services,which was not deemed satisfactory, but which on his removal to Geneva he published in 1556 for the use of the English congregations in that See also:city. The Geneva book made its way to Scotland, and was used here and there by Reformed congregations. Knox's return in 1559 strengthened its position, and in 1562 the See also:General See also:Assembly enjoined the See also:uniform use of it a's the " Book of Our Common Order " in " the See also:administration of the Sacraments and solemnization of marriages and burials of the dead." In 1564 a new and enlarged edition was printed in See also:Edinburgh, and the Assembly ordered that " every See also:Minister, exhorter and reader " should have a copy and use the Order contained therein not only for See also:marriage and the sacraments but also " in Prayer," thus ousting the hitherto permissible use of the Second Book of Edward VI. at See also:ordinary service. " The rubrics as retained from the Book of Geneva made See also:provision for an extempore prayer before the See also:sermon., and allowed the minister some See also:latitude in the other two prayers. The forms for the See also:special services were more strictly imposed, but See also:liberty was also given to vary some of the prayers in them. The rubrics of the Scottish portion of the book are somewhat stricter, and, indeed, one or two of the Geneva rubrics were made more See also:absolute in the Scottish emendations; but no doubt the ` Book of Common Order ' is best described as a discretionary liturgy."
It will be convenient here to give the contents of the edition printed by See also:Andrew See also:Hart at Edinburgh in 1611, and described (as was usually the See also:case) as The Psalmes of See also:David in Meeter, with the See also:Prose, whereunto is added Prayers commonly used in the See also:Kirke, and private houses; with a perpetuall Kalendar and all the Changes of the Moone that shall happen for the space of Six Yeeres to come. They are as follows:
(i.) The See also:Calendar; (ii.) The names of the Faires of Scotland; (iii.) The See also:Confession of Faith used at Geneva and received by the Church of Scotland; (iv.-vii.) Concerning the See also:election and duties of Ministers, Elders and Deacons, and See also:Superintendent; (viii.) An order of Ecclesiastical Discipline; (ix.) The Order of See also:Excommunication and of Public Repentance; (x.) The Visitation of the Sick; (xi.) The Manner of See also:Burial; (xii.) The Order of Public Worship—Forms of Confession and Prayer after Sermon; (xiii.) Other Public Prayers; (xiv.) The Administration of the See also:Lord's Supper; (xv.) The See also:Form of Marriage; (xvi.) The Order of See also:Baptism; (xvii.) A See also:Treatise on See also:Fasting with the order thereof; (xviii.) The See also:Psalms of David; (xix.) Conclusions or Doxologies; (xx.) Hymns—metrical versions of the See also:Decalogue, Magnificat, Apostles' Creed, &c.; (xxi.) See also:Calvin's See also:Catechism; (xxii. and See also:xxiii.) Prayers for Private Houses and See also:Miscellaneous Prayers, e.g. for a See also:man before he begins his See also:work.
The Psalms and Catechism together occupy more than See also:half the book. The See also:chapter on burial is significant. In See also:place of the See also:long See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of the See also:Catholic Church we have simply this statement: —" The See also:corpse is reverently brought to the See also:grave, accompanied with the See also:Congregation, without any further ceremonies: which being buried, the Minister (if he be See also:present and required) goeth to the Church, if it be not far off, and maketh some comfortable exhortation to the See also:people, touching See also:death and resurrection." This (with the exception of the bracketed words) was taken over from the Book of Geneva. The See also:Westminster Directory which superseded the Book of Common Order also enjoins interment " without any ceremony," such being stigmatized as " no way beneficial to the dead and many ways hurtful to the living." See also:Civil honours may, however, be rendered.
Revs. G. W. Sprott and See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Leishman, in the introduction to their edition of the Book of Common Order, and of the Westminster Directory published in 1868, collected a valuable See also:series of notices as to the actual usage of the former book for the See also:period (1564–1645) during which it was enjoined by ecclesiastical See also:law. Where ministers were not available suitable persons (often old priests, sometimes schoolmasters) were selected as readers. See also:Good contemporary accounts of Scottish worship are those of W. See also:Cowper (1568-1619), See also:bishop of See also:Galloway, in his Seven Days' See also:Conference between a Catholic. See also:Christian and a Catholic See also:Roman (c. 1615), and See also:Alexander See also:Henderson in The See also:Government and Order of the Church of Scotland (1641). There was doubtless a good
See also:deal of variety at different times and in different localities. See also:Early in the 17th See also:century under the twofold See also:influence of the Dutch Church, with which the Scottish See also:clergy were in See also:close connexion, and of See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James I.'s endeavours to " justle out " a liturgy which gave the liberty of " conceiving " prayers, ministers began in prayer to read less and extemporize more.
Turning again to the legislative See also:history, in 1567 the prayers were done into Gaelic; in 1579 See also:parliament ordered all gentlemen and yeomen holding See also:property of a certain value to possess copies. The assembly of 16oi declined to alter any of the existing prayers but expressed a willingness to admit new ones. Between 16o6 and 1618 various attempts were made under English and Episcopal influence, by assemblies afterwards declared unlawful, to set aside the " Book of Common Order." The efforts of James I., See also:Charles I. and See also:Archbishop See also:Laud proved fruitless; in 1637 the See also:reading of Laud's draft of a new form of service based on the English prayer book led to riots in Edinburgh and to general' discontent in the See also:country. The General Assembly of See also:Glasgow in 1638 abjured Laud's book and took its stand again by the Book of Common Order, an See also:act repeated by the assembly of 1639, which also demurred against innovations proposed by the English separatists, who objected altogether to liturgical forms, and in particular to the Lord's Prayer, the Gloria Patri and the minister kneeling for private devotion in the See also:pulpit. An See also:Aberdeen printer named Raban was publicly censured for having on his own authority shortened one of the prayers. The following years witnessed a See also:counter See also:attempt to introduce the Scottish liturgy into See also:England, especially for those who in the See also:southern See also:kingdom were inclined to See also:Presbyterianism. This effort culminated in the Westminster Assembly of divines which met in 1643, at which six commissioners from the Church of Scotland were present, and joined in the task of See also:drawing up a Common Confession, Catechism and Directory for the three kingdoms. The commissioners reported to the General Assembly of 1644 that this Common Directory " is so begun . . . that we could not think upon any particular Directory for our own See also:Kirk." The General Assembly of 1645 after careful study approved the new order. An act of Assembly on the 3rd of See also:February and an act of parliament on the 6th of February ordered its use in every church, and henceforth, though there was no act setting aside the " Book of Common Order," the Westminster Directory was of See also:primary authority. The Directory was meant simply to make known " the general heads, the sense and See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope of the Prayers and other parts of Public Worship," and if need be, " to give a help and See also:furniture." The act of parliament recognizing the Directory was annulled at the Restoration and the book has never since been acknowledged by a civil authority in See also:Scot-See also:land. But General Assemblies have frequently recommended its use, and worship in Presbyterian churches is largely conducted on the lines of the Westminster Assembly's Directory.
The See also:modern Book of Common Order or Euchologion is a compilation See also:drawn from various See also:sources and issued by the Church Service• Society, an organization which endeavours to promote liturgical usages within the Established Church of Scotland.
End of Article: COMMON ORDER, BOOK OF
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