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See also:FLAGELLANTS (from See also:Lat. flagellare, to See also:whip) , in See also:religion, the name given to those who See also:scourge themselves, or are scourged, by way of discipline or See also:penance. Voluntary flagellation, as a See also:form of exalted devotion, occurs in almost all religions. According to See also:Herodotus (ii. 40. 61), it was the See also:custom of the See also:ancient Egyptians to See also:beat themselves during the See also:annual festival in See also:honour of their goddess See also:Isis. In See also:Sparta See also:children were flogged before the See also:altar of See also:Artemis Orthia till the See also:blood flowed (See also:Plutarch, Instit. Laced. 40). At Alea, in the Peloponnese, See also:women were flogged in the See also:temple of See also:Dionysus (See also:Pausanias, Arcad. 23). The priests of See also:Cybele, or archigalli, submitted to the discipline in the temple of the goddess (Plutarch, Adv. Colot. p. 1127; Apul., Metam. viii. 173). At the See also:Roman See also:Lupercalia women were flogged by the celebrants to avert sterility or as a purificatory ceremony (W. Mannhardt, Mythol. Forsch., See also:Strassburg, 1884, p. 72 seq.).
See also:Ritual flagellation existed among the See also:Jews, and, according to See also:Buxtorf (Synagoga judaica, See also:Basel, 1603), was one of the ceremonies of the See also:day of the See also:Great See also:Pardon. In the See also:Christian See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church flagellation was originally a See also:punishment, and was practised not only by parents and schoolmasters, but also by bishops, who thus corrected offending priests and monks (St See also:Augustine, Ep. 159 ad Marcell.; cf. Conc. Agd. 5o6, can. ii.).
Gradually, however, voluntary flagellation appeared in the libri poenitentiales as a very efficacious means of penance. In the See also:firth See also:century this new form of devotion was extolled by some of the most ardent reformers in the monastic houses of the See also:west, such as See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
Abbot Popon of See also:Stavelot, St See also:Dominic Loricatus (so called from his practice of wearing next his skin an See also:iron lariat, or See also:cuirass of thongs), and especially See also:Cardinal Pietro See also:Damiani. Damiani advocated the substitution of flagellation for the recitation of the See also:penitential See also:psalms, and See also:drew up a See also:scale according to which See also:rood strokes were See also:equivalent to ten psalms, and 15,000 to the whole psalter. The See also:majority of these reformers exemplified their See also:preaching in their own persons, and St Dominic gained great renown by inflicting upon himself 300,000 strokes in six days. The custom of collective flagellation was introduced into the monastic houses, the ceremony taking See also:place every See also:Friday after See also:confession.
The See also:early See also:Franciscans flagellated themselves with characteristic rigour, and it is no See also:matter of surprise to find the Franciscan, St See also:Anthony of See also:Padua, preaching the praises of this means of penance. It is incorrect, however, to suppose that St Anthony took any See also:part in the creation of the flagellant See also:fraternities, which were the result of spontaneous popular movements, and later than the great Franciscan preacher; while Ranieri, a See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk of See also:Perugia, to whom the See also:foundation of these See also:strange communities has been attributed, was merely the See also:leader of the flagellant brotherhood in that region. About 1259 these fraternities were distributed over the greater part of See also:northern See also:Italy. The contagion spread very rapidly, extending as far as the See also:Rhine provinces, and, across See also:Germany, into Bohemia. Day and See also:night, See also:long processions of all classes and ages, headed by priests carrying crosses and See also:banners, perambulated the streets in See also:double See also:file, reciting prayers and See also:drawing the blood from their bodies with leathern thongs. The magistrates in some of the See also:Italian towns, and especially Uberto See also:Pallavicino at See also:Milan, expelled theflagellants with threats, and for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the See also:sect disappeared. The disorders of the 14th century, however, the numerous earthquakes, and the See also:Black See also:Death, which had spread over the greater part of See also:Europe, produced a See also:condition of ferment and mystic See also:fever which was very favourable to a recrudescence of morbid forms of devotion.
The flagellants reappeared, and made the See also:state of religious trouble in Germany, provoked by the struggle between the papacy and See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis of See also:Bavaria, subserve their cause. In the See also:spring of 1349 bands of flagellants, perhaps from See also:Hungary, began their propaganda in the See also:south of Germany. Each See also:band was under the command of a leader, who was assisted by two lieutenants; and obedience to the leader was enjoined upon every member on entering the brotherhood. The flagellants paid for their own See also:personal See also:maintenance, but were allowed to accept See also:board and lodging, if offered. The penance lasted 331 days, during which they flogged themselves with thongs fitted with four iron points. They read letters which they said had fallen from See also:heaven, and which threatened the See also:earth with terrible punishments if men refused to adopt the mode of penance taught by the flagellants. On several occasions they incited the populations of the towns through which they passed against the Jews, and also against the monks who opposed their propaganda. Many towns shut their See also:gates upon them; but, in spite of discouragement, they spread from See also:Poland to the Rhine; and penetrated as far as See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland and See also:Flanders. Finally, a band of zoo marched from Basel to See also:Avignon to the See also:court of See also:Pope See also:Clement VI., who, in spite of the sympathy shown them by several of his cardinals, condemned the sect as constituting a menace to the priesthood. On the loth of See also:October 1349 Clement published a See also:bull commanding the bishops and inquisitors to See also:stamp out the growing See also:heresy, and in pursuance of the pope's orders See also:numbers of the sectaries perished at the stake or in the cells of the inquisitors and the episcopal justices. In 1389 the leader of a flagellant band in Italy called the bianchi was burned by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the pope, and his following dispersed. In 1417, however, the See also:Spanish Dominican St See also:Vincent Ferrer pleaded the cause of the flagellants with great warmth at the See also:council of See also:Constance, and elicited a severe reply from See also:John See also:Gerson
(Epistola ad Vincentium), who declared that the flagellants were showing a tendency to slight the sacramental confession and penance, were refusing to perform the cultus of the martyrs venerated by the church, and were even alleging their own superiority to the martyrs.
The See also:justice of Gerson's protest was See also:borne out by' events. In Germany, in 1414, there was a recrudescence of the epidemic of flagellation, which then became a clearly-formulated heresy. A certain See also:Conrad See also:Schmidt placed himself at the See also:head of a community of Thuringian flagellants, who took the name of Brethren of the See also:Cross. Schmidt gave himself out as the incarnation of See also:Enoch, and prophesied the approaching fall of the Church of See also:Rome, the overthrow of the ancient sacraments, and the See also:triumph of flagellation as the only road to salvation. Numbers of Beghards joined the Brethren of the Cross, and the two sects were confounded in the rigorous persecution conducted in Germany by the inquisitor Eylard Schoneveld, who almost annihilated the flagellants. This mode of devotion, however, held its ground among the See also:lower ranks of See also:Catholic piety. In the 16th century it subsisted in Italy, See also:Spain and See also:southern See also:France. See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. of France met with it in See also:Provence, and attempted to acclimatize it at See also:Paris, where he formed bands divided into variqus orders, each distinguished by a different See also:colour. The See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king and his courtiers joined in the processions in the garb of penitents, and scourged themselves with ostentation. The king's encouragement seemed at first to point to a successful revival of flagellation; but the practice disappeared along with the other forms of devotion that had sprung up at the time of the See also:league, and Henry III.'s successor suppressed the Paris brotherhood. Flagellation was occasionally practised as a means of salvation by certain Jansenist convulsionaries in the 18th century, and also, towards the end of the 18th century, by a little Jansenist sect known as the Fareinists, founded by the See also:brothers Bonjour, See also:cures of Fareins, near Trevoux (See also:Ain). In 1820 a band of flagellants appeared during a procession at See also:Lisbon; and in the Latin countries, at the See also:season of great festivals, one may still see brotherhoods of penitents flagellating themselves before the assembled faithful.
For an See also:account of flagellation in antiquity see S. See also:Reinach, Guiles, mythes et religions (vol. i. pp. 173-183, 1906), which contains a bibliography of the subject. For a bibliography of the practice in See also:medieval times, see M. Rdhricht, " Bibliographische Beitrage zur Gesch. der See also:Geissler" in Briegers Zeitschrift See also:fur Kirchengeschichte, i. 313. (P.
End of Article: FLAGELLANTS (from Lat. flagellare, to whip)
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