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SIX Or TMESE OPEN ANCNE• OOOOO CN EACH See also:PAIN. or TOWERS. p. and the passage in thickness of See also:wall. passage has tall open See also:arches, which look like those of an See also:aqueduct, and at See also:regular intervals of about 45 ft. massive square towers are built, projecting on the outside of the wall, in three storeys, the See also:top See also:storey rising above the top of the wall. The height of the wall varies according to the See also:contour of the ground; in' parts it was about 6o ft. high outside and 40 inside. Necessaria, supported on two travertine corbels, projected from the top of the wall on the outside beside most of the towers. The See also:Einsiedeln MS. gives a description of the See also:complete See also:circuit, counting fourteen See also:gates, as follows: Porta S. Petri (at the Pons Aelius, destroyed) ; P. See also:Flaminia (replaced by P. del Popolo) ; P. Pinciana (in use) ; P. See also:Salaria (now P. Salara) ; P. See also:Nomentana (replaced by P. Pia) ; P. See also:Tiburtina (now P. S. Lorenzo) ; P. See also:Praenestina (now P. See also:Maggiore) ; P. Asinaria (replaced by P. See also:San Giovanni); P. Metrovia or Metroni (closed); P. See also:Latina (closed) ; P. See also:Appia (now P. S. Sebastiano) ; P. Ostiensis (now P. S. See also:Paolo). On the Janiculan See also:side, P. Portuensis (destroyed) ; P. See also:Aurelia (now Porta San Pancrazio). Besides these there was a See also:gate, now closed (Porta Chiusa), to the See also:south of the Castra Praetoria; and in all See also:probability a gate on the right See also:bank of the See also:Tiber, replaced by the See also:modern Porta Settimiana. These existing gates are mostly of the See also:time of See also:Honorius; each is flanked by a projecting See also:tower, and some are See also:double, with a second pair of towers inside. Several have grooves for a See also:portcullis (cataracta) in the See also:outer See also:arch. The handsomest gate is the P. Appia, with two massive outer towers, three stages high, the upper semi-circular in See also:plan. Many of the gates of Honorius have See also:Christian symbols or See also:inscriptions. The See also:general See also:design of all these gates is much the same—a central archway, with a See also:row of windows over it and two flanking towers, some square, others semicircular in plan. In many of the gates older materials are used, blocks of tufa, travertine, or See also:marble. The doors themselves swung on pivots, the bottom ones let into a hole in the See also:threshold, the upper into projecting corbels. At many points along the See also:line of the See also:Aurelian wall older buildings See also:form See also:part of the circuit—near the Porta Asinaria a large piece of ' The See also:text of the Regionary Catalogues is printed by See also:Richter, Topographie der Stadt Rom,' pp. 371 if. ' Vita Aurel. 21, 39; See also:Zosimus, 1. 37, 49; Eutrop. ix. 15. ' The inscriptions run thus: S. P. Q. R. IMPP . CAESS . D. D. IPi-VICTISSIMIS . PRINCIPIBVS . ARCADIO . ET . HONORIO . VICTORIBVS . AC . TRIVMPHATORIEVS . See also:SEMPER . See also:AVGG . OB . INSTAVRATOS . VRBIS . AETERNAE . MVROS . See also:PORTAS . AC . TVRRES . IMESTIS . IMMENSIS . RVDERIBVS—the See also:rest refers to honorary statues erected to commemorate this See also:work. the Domus Lateranoruni, a See also:house of the 3rd See also:century which gave its name to the Lateran See also:basilica, and a little farther on, by S. Croce in Gerusalemme, the Amphitheatrum Castrense; the latter, of about the end of theist century A.n., has two tiers of arches and engaged columns of moulded See also:brick on the outside. Between the P. Praenestina and the P. Tiburtina comes a large castellum of the Aqua Tepula. The Praetorian See also:Camp forms a See also:great See also:projection near the P. Nomentana. Lastly, the See also:angle near the Porta Flaminia, at the See also:foot of the Pincian See also: The Monumentum Ancyranum (Res gestae divi See also:Augusti, ed .2 See also:Mommsen, 1883) reproduces the See also:bronze tablets set up by Augustus on his See also:mausoleum at Rome, and contains a See also:list of the buildings which he erected or restored. The marble plan of Rome (Forma urbis 'Romae, ed. See also:Jordan, 1874; the more recently discovered fragments have only been published in See also:periodicals) See also:dates from the reign of Septimius See also:Severus, who restored the building to which it belonged after the See also:fire of 191 B.C. The plan which it replaced was executed by See also:order of See also:Vespasian. The See also:scale was generally 1: 250; it was oriented with S.E. at the top, N.W. at the bottom. Buildings are of course frequently represented on coins and See also:works of See also:art, and these may often be identified with existing remains. In the reign of See also:Constantine the Great there was compiled a See also:catalogue of the See also:principal buildings of Rome, arranged according to the fourteen regions of Augustus. This has been preserved in two recensions, one made in A.D. 334 and known as the Notitia, the second in or about A.D. 357, and known as the Curiosum urbis Romae. These are called the Regionary Catalogues, and contain, besides lists of buildings, See also:statistics as to the number of vici, domus, insulae, &c., in each region, which are of great value. (See See also:Preller, Regionen der Stadt Rom, See also:Jena, 1846.) In the See also:middle ages, See also:guide-books were written for the use of pilgrims visiting Rome. Besides giving the routes for the principal churches and cemeteries, they mention ancient buildings and give current legends regarding them. The earliest is the Itinerary of Einsiedeln, a MS. of the 8th century preserved in the monastery of Einsiedeln in See also:Switzerland(see C. Huelsen, L'Itinerario di Einsiedeln, 1908). In the 12th century was compiled the Mirabilia urbis Romae, which became the foundation of later guide-books. The last recension is contained in a MS. of the early 15th century. These and other See also:medieval documents are printed in Urlichs' Codex Topographicus urbis Romae (1871). The Ordo Benedicti Canonici (see $Jordan, Topographie, II. 1, 646, and Lanciani, Monumenti Aatichi, I. 437), which gives the route of papal processions, belongs also to the 12th century, and was perhaps written by the author of the Mirabilia..The See also:Liber Pontificalis (ed. See also:Duchesne, See also:Paris, 1886; ed. Mommsen, in Monumenta Germanise historica, vol. i.), which gives the See also:biographies of the early popes and was continued throughout the middle ages, is of value as illustrating the transition from See also:pagan to Christian Rome.
Several early views and plans of Rome exist, beginning with the See also:painting by See also:Cimabue in the upper See also: See also:Francesco at See also:Assisi (1275). A collection of these was published by De See also:Rossi, Piante icnografiche e prospettiche di See also:Roma anteriori al secolo XVI. (1879). Many others have since come to See also:light. (See Huelsen in See also:Bull. See also:Comm. Arch., 1892, p. 38). In See also:Italian and other See also:libraries are preserved large See also:numbers of 'Cf. Procop. See also:Bell. Goth. i. 23. ! On the walls of Aurelian, see (in addition to the general works, mentioned in the bibliography) Nibby and See also:Gell, Le Mura di Roma (1820) ; Quarenghi, Le Mura di Roma (188o) ; and especially Homo, Essai surle regne de l'empereur Aurelien (Paris, 1904), IV' partie, ch. ii., " L'See also:Enceinte de Rome."plans and drawings from ancient remains by the architects. of the 15th and later centuries, e.g. Bramantino, Fra Giocondo, th€ members of the families of See also:Sangallo and See also:Peruzzi, Pirro, Ligorio. See also:Palladio, &c. These are of immense value, since the monuments which they See also:drew have to a large extent been destroyed. Unfortunately they are not always trustworthy, especially those of Ligorio. The drawings at See also:Florence have been indexed by See also:Ferri; amongst See also:recent publications may be noted those of the Codex Escorsalensis by See also:Egger (See also:Vienna, 1905), and of a See also:sketch-See also:book, probably by A. Coner, in the See also:Soane Museum by Dr See also:Ashby, in Papers of the See also:British School at Rome, vol. ii. (1903). Amongst the printed works of the early Italian architects may be named Palladio, Arckitettura'(See also:Venice, 1542), and Terme dei Romani (See also:London, 1732); Serlio; Architetturd (Venice, 1545), and Labacco, Architettnra ed Antichita, (Rome 1557). Engravings of ancient remains in Rome have been published in great numbers since the 16th century; the most important of the earlier collections are the See also:Speculum Romsnae Magnificentiae,a See also:series extending over many years in the 16th century, and Du Perac's Vestigj di Roma (1575). To the 18th century belong the etchings of See also:Piranesi, published in several volumes, and still reproduced from the See also:copper-plates by the Calcografia. The literature of Roman topography would in itself form a large library; the best See also:bibliographical guide is Mau's Katalog der Bibliothek See also:des k. deutschen archaologischen Instituts in Rom (1900). The earliest modern work which can be called scientific is Flavio Biondo's Roma,instaurata, written under See also:Eugenius IV. (1431–1447), first dated edition, 1479. Biondo's work was based on the study of ancient, See also:literary authorities; he was followed in his method and results by the scholars of the 15th and early 16th centuries, e.g. Pozzo, See also:Leo Battista See also:Alberti and See also:Andrea Fulvio. • In the 16th century the study of ancient remains took its See also:place beside that of ancient literature. Marliani, who had followed Biondo in the first edition of his Antiquae urbis Romae topographic', (1538); issued a second edition in 1544, which contained plans and illustrations. For more than a century his book formed the foundation upon which such writers asFaunq, G. See also:Fabricius, Mauro, Panvinius, &c., raised their works. Unfortunately the Regionary Catalogues were largely interpolated' during this See also:period, and published in this form by Panvinius. In 1666 Famiano Nardini's Roma antica appeared, based upon the interpolated version of the Regionary Catalogues; this was productive of disastrous errors, many of which remained uncorrected until our own time. Nardini was followed in the 18th century by such writers as Ficoroni and Venuti; the most important works of this period were those produced by excavators such as See also:Bianchini (Il palazzo dei See also:Cesari, 1738), or See also:independent students of the monuments such as See also:Raphael See also:Fabretti (De Columna Trdjana, 1683; De Aquis et Aquaeductibus, 168o). In the 18th century See also:Winckelmann revived See also:interest in ancient, including Roman, art (especially by his Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums, 1764), and his follower, Carlo, See also:Fea, inaugurated the era of systematic and' scientific excavation, especially in the See also:Forum. In 1829 there was founded the See also:international See also:Institute di Corrispondenze Archeologica (which in 1874 became the Kaiserlich deutsches archaologisches Institut) ; in 1830-42 was issued the Beschreibung der Stadt Rom, by See also:Bunsen and others, in which the grosser errors which had passed current since Nardini's time were corrected. To the same period belong the magnificently illustrated works of See also:Luigi See also:Canina (Indicazione di Roma antica, 183o; Esposizione topografica, 1842; Architettura antica, 1834–44; Foro Romano, 1845; Edifizj di Roma antica, 1848-56), the value of which is impaired by their inaccuracy and the imaginative See also:character of the restorations. The books on Roman topography written in the early ipth century, such as those of See also:Antonio Nibby, still pursued the uncritical methods of Nardini; from 183o onwards, however, we find a series of writers whose work shows the See also:influence of the new See also:criticism. Such were See also:Becker (Topographic der Stadt Rom, 1843), See also:Sir Wm. Gell (Rome and its Vicinity, 1834; rev. ed. E. H. See also:Sunbury, 1846), Braun (Ruiners und Museen Roms, 1854), Reber (See also:Die Ruinen Roms, 1862) and T. H. See also:Dyer (The City of Rome, 1864). Since 1861, when excavations were begun on the See also:Palatine at the instance of See also:Napoleon III., under the direction of P. See also:Rosa, the See also:discovery of ancient remains has made See also:constant progress, and the results have been incorporated in a number of works, of which only the most important can be named here. 'These are: Jordan, Topographie der Stadt Rom See also:im Alterthum, of which three vols. (II, I2, and II.) appeared in 1871–85, and a third (I3) was written after Jordan's See also:death by C. Huelsen and published in 1907; See also: The best recent maps are those in See also:Kiepert's Formae orbis,antiqui, sheets 21 and 22. Kiepert and Huelsen's Formae urbis Romae antiquae date from 1896; they are accompanied, by a Nomenclator topographicus. Homo, Lexique de topographie romaine (1900), is also useful (J. H. M.; H. S. J.). Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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