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TAMMANY See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
HALL , a See also:political organization in New See also:York See also:City, U.S.A., claiming to be the See also:regular representative of the Democratic party in that city. It takes its name from a sachem or See also:chief of the See also:Delaware See also:Indians, Tamanend or Tammany, the name itself meaning " the Affable." Before the See also:War of See also:Independence there were Whig See also:societies called " Sons of St See also:Tam-many " and " Sons of See also:Liberty," with rituals in which See also:Indian words were used to suggest the See also:American See also:character of the lodges. On the 12th of May 1789 See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Mooney (d. 1832), an See also:upholsterer, of Irish See also:birth, who had probably been a member of an earlier Tammany society, founded in New York City the " Society of St Tammany" or " Columbian See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order" as a patriotic, benevolent and non-political organization, with the See also:intent to counteract the See also:influence of what was believed to be the aristocratic Order of the See also:Cincinnati. A few See also:short-lived societies of a similar See also:kind were founded in other states. In 18o5 the New York Society was incorporated as a benevolent society, in 1811 it built its first See also:wigwam, or hall, in See also:Frankfort See also:Street near the City Hall, and in 1867 it moved to its See also:present hall in Fourteenth Street. The society was a See also:secret organization, divided into tribes, with sachems (the most important being the See also:Grand Sachem) as the chief officials, a sagamore, or See also:master of ceremonies, and a winskinskie, or See also:door-keeper, and with a See also:ritual of supposedly Indian character. This " Tammany Society" is not itself the well-known political organization, but rents its hall to the Tammany Hall See also:General See also:Committee, the " Tammany Hall " of political notoriety; the leading members, however, of the " Society" and of the " Hall" are identical, and the " Society " controls the See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting-See also:place of the " Hall," so that the difference between the two is little more than nominal. Almost from the beginning Tammany has been actively engaged in politics, being See also:part of, and during the greater See also:period of its existence actually representing in New York City, the Democratic party, though always subordinating the interests of the party as a whole to its own selfish interests. It has had See also:local rivals at different times, but these, though successful for a while, have not lived See also:long; on the other See also:hand, the Hall has not generally been regarded with favour by the Democratic party throughout the See also:country at large.
Soon after its See also:founding, Tammany came under the influence of See also:Aaron See also:Burr. In 1800 it worked for the See also:election of See also:Jefferson as See also:President. It bitterly opposed De Witt See also:Clinton for many years and was hostile to his large Irish See also:constituency; but, after it secured in 1822 the constitutional amendments providing for manhood See also:suffrage and for the abolition of imprisonment of debtors, and especially after 1827 when Tammany first tried to reduce the five-See also:year period of See also:residence necessary for See also:naturalization, the See also:foreign-See also:born See also:element gradually came into See also:control of the " Society " and of the " Hall." About 1842 Irish " gangs," which used See also:physical violence at election See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, became a source of Tammany strength. It reached its height of See also:power about 187o, under the leadership of William See also:Marcy See also:Tweed (1823-78), who used his popularity as a volunteer fireman to advance himself in Tammany and who was the first " See also:boss " of the organization, which had formerly been controlled by committees. In the mayoralty and the other administrative offices and in the See also:common See also:council of the city, in the chief executive See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of the See also:state, in the state legislature, and even in some of the See also:judges' seats, Tweed had placed (or had secured the election of) accomplices or tools, or else controlled votes by See also:purchase. In See also:April 187o Tweed secured the passage of a city See also:charter which put the control of the city into the hands of the See also:mayor, the See also:comptroller, and the commissioners of parks and public See also:works. A See also:system of See also:official See also:plunder then began that has had few parrallels in See also:modern times. How much was actually stolen can never be known; but the bonded See also:debt of the city, which was $36,000,000 at the beginning of 1869, was $97,000,000 in See also:September 1871, an increase of $61,000,000 in two years and
eight months; and within the same period a floating debt of $20,000,000 was incurred, making a See also:total of $81,000,000. For this vast sum the city had little to show. The method of plunder was the presentation of excessive bills for See also:work done, especially in connexion with the new See also:court-See also:house then being erected. The. bills were ostensibly paid in full, but in reality only in part, the See also:rest being retained by Tweed, and divided amongst his followers in proportion to their importance. The total cost of the court-house to the city was about $13,000,000 —many times the actual cost of construction. The amount paid io these two years for the city See also:printing and See also:stationery was nearly $3,000,000. The end came through a See also:petty See also:quarrel over the See also:division of the spoils. One of the plunderers, dissatisfied with the office he had received, gave to the New York Times a copy of certain swollen accounts which showed conclusively the stealing that had been going on. When Tweed was inter-viewed about the frauds his only reply was, " What are you going to do about it?" The better classes, however, were now thoroughly aroused, and with See also:Samuel J. See also:Tilden, afterwards See also:governor of the state, at their See also:head, and with the assistance of the Times and of Harper's Weekly, in the latter of which the powerful cartoons of See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Nast appeared, completely over-threw the See also:ring and rescued the city. Tweed was tried and convicted, but was afterwards released on a technicality of See also:law; he was re-arrested, but managed to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape and fled to See also:Spain; he was identified and was brought back to See also:gaol, where he died. The rest of the gang fared little better. Within a few years and under a new See also:leader, See also:John See also:Kelly, Tammany was again in control of the city. Kelly was succeeded by See also:Richard See also:Croker, whose reign as " boss " continued until 1901. Since 1881 Tammany has been in virtual control of the city See also:government about one-See also:half the time, a Tammany and a reform mayor often alternating. There were elaborate investigations of Tammany's control of the city by committees of the legislature in 189o, 1894, and 1899. The most conspicuous overthrows of Tammany since the days of Tweed were in 1894, in 1901, when practically the whole reform See also:ticket from mayor to See also:alderman was elected, and in 1909. when the mayor (not a member of Tammany) was the only Tammany nominee on the general ticket elected. The grosser forms of corruption that prevailed under Tweed did not as a See also:rule prevail in later years. Instead, the See also:money raised by and for the Hall and its leaders has come from the blackmailing of corporations, which find it easier to buy See also:peace than to fight for their rights; from corporations which See also:desire concessions from the city, or which do not wish to be interfered with in encroachments on public rights; from liquor-dealers, whose licences are more or less at the See also:mercy of an unscrupulous party in power; from other dealers, especially in the poorer parts of the city, whose business can be hampered by the See also:police; from office-holders and candidates for office; and, lastly, in-directly through corrupt police officials, from the criminal classes and gambling .establishments in return for non-intervention on the part of the police. The power of Tammany Hall is the natural result of the well-regulated See also:machine which it has built up throughout the city, directed by an omnipotent " boss." Each of the " See also:assembly districts " into which the city is divided sends a certain number of representatives to the General Committee of Tammany Hall. Each See also:district also has a " boss " or leader and a committee, and these leaders See also:form the Executive Committee of the Hall. There is also a " See also:captain " for each of the voting precincts, over loon in number, into which the city is divided. The patronage of the city filters down from the real " boss " of the Hall to the local See also:precinct leader, the latter often having one or more small municipal offices at his disposal; he also handles the election money spent in his precinct. The party headquarters in the different assembly districts are largely in the nature of social clubs, and it is in considerable degree through social means that the control of the Hall over the poorer classes is maintained. The headquarters are generally over or near a See also:saloon, and the saloon-keepers throughout Manhattan belong as a rule to the Hall—in fact, are its most effective See also:allies or members. It should be remembered too that the Hall is
not subject to divided counsels, but is ruled by one See also:man, a " boss " who has risen to his position by sheer force of ability, and in whose hands rest the finances of the Hall, for which he is accountable to no one. When the " Greater New York " was incorporated the power of Tammany seemed likely to grow less because it was confined to the old city (Boroughs of Manhattan and the See also:Bronx), and the Democratic organizations in the other boroughs were hostile to it. The power of the organization in the state and in the nation is due to its frequent See also:combination with the Republican organization, which controls the state almost as completely as Tammany does the city.
See Gustavus See also:Myers, The See also:History of Tammany Hall (New York, 1901). (F. H. H.) TAMMERFORS (Finnish Tampere), the chief See also:industrial city of See also:Finland, See also:capital of the See also:province of See also:Tavastehus, on the rapids connecting Lakes See also:Nasi-jarvi and Pyha-jarvi, 125 M. by See also:rail N.W. of See also:Helsingfors. Pop. (1904) 40,261. Tammerfors is an important centre for the manufacture of See also:cotton, See also:linen, and woollen goods, See also:leather and See also:paper. The See also:town owes its existence as a manufacturing centre to the See also:tsar See also:Alexander I.
End of Article: TAMMANY HALL
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