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population (1904) of 834,644, of whom 16,777 were whites. Excluding Pondoland—not counted previously to 1904—the population had increased from 487,364 in 1891 to 631,887 in 1904. See also:

PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The physical characteristics of Kaffraria See also:

bear a See also:

general resemblance to those of the Cape province proper. The See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country rises from See also:

sea-level in a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of terraces to the rugged range of the Drakensberg. Between that range and the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-lands are many subsidiary ranges with fertile valleys through which a large number of See also:

rivers make their way to the See also:

INDIAN

Indian Ocean. These rivers have very rapid falls in comparison to their length and when less than 40 m. from the coast are still 2000 ft. above sea-level. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, beginning at the south, are the Kei, the Bashee, the Umtata, the St See also:

John's or Umzimvubu, and the Umtamvuna, which separates Kaffraria from Natal. The St John's River rises in the Drakensberg near the Basuto-Natal frontier.

The river valley has a length of 140 m., the river with its many twists being See also:

double that length. It receives numerous tributaries, one, the Tsitza, possessing a magnificent See also:

WATERFALL

waterfall, the river leaping over an almost See also:

VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical precipice of 375 ft. The St John's reaches the sea between precipitous cliffs some 1200 ft. high and covered with verdure. The mouth is obstructed by a See also:

sand See also:

bar over which there is 14 ft. of See also:

WATER

water. None of the rivers of Kaffraria except the St John's is navigable. Kaffraria is one of the most fertile regions in South Africa. The See also:

mountain See also:

GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges abound in See also:

FINE

fine trees, thick See also:

FOREST

forest and See also:

BUSH

bush See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the river See also:

banks, grass grows luxuriantly in the See also:

LOWER

lower regions, and the lowlands and valleys are favourable to almost any See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, See also:

field and See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden cultivation. The coast districts are very hot in summer, the temperature from See also:

OCTOBER

October to See also:

APRIL

April on an See also:

AVERAGE

average varying from 70° to 90° F., while in See also:

winter the See also:

day temperature is seldom below 50°, though the nights are very See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold. But the variation in See also:

ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude places climates of all grades within easy reach, from the burning coast to the often See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-clad mountain. See also:

THUNDER

Thunder-storms are frequent in summer; the winters are generally dry. On the whole the See also:

CLIMATE

climate is extremely healthy. At St John's are See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur springs.

A considerable area is devoted to the raising of See also:

wheat and other cereals, especially in the See also:

NORTHERN

northern See also:

DISTRICT

district (Griqualand East), where in the higher valleys are many farms owned by Europeans. Large quantities of stock are raised. Most of the land is held by the natives under tribal See also:

TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure, and the ease with which their wants are supplied is detrimental to the full cultivation of the land. Kaffraria is, however, one of the chief recruiting grounds for labour throughout South Africa. Most of the See also:

white inhabitants are engaged in See also:

trade. Towns and Communication.—The chief town is See also:

KOKSTAD

Kokstad (q.v.), pop. (1904), 2903, the See also:

capital of Griqualand East. Umtata (2100 ft. above the sea, pop. 2342) on the river of the same name, capital of Tembuland, is the See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of an assistant chief See also:

MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate, headqquarters of a See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Cape Mounted Rifles, and seat of the See also:

ANGLICAN

Anglican bishopric of Kaffraria. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal buildings are the See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral, a See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic structure, built 1901-1906, and the town-See also:

hall, a fine See also:

BUILDING

building in See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

style, erected 1907-1908. See also:

PORT

Port St John is the chief town in Pondoland, and the only See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of the country. Butterworth is the chief town in Transkei.

Cala (pop. about See also:

I000

i000), in the N.W. part of Tembuland, is the educational centre of Kaffraria. A railway, 107 M. See also:

long, the first See also:

LINK

link in the See also:

DIRECT

direct Cape-Natal See also:

LINE

line, runs from Indwe, 65 m. from Sterkstroom Junction on the See also:

main line from East London to the See also:

TRANSVAAL

Transvaal, to Maclear, an agricultural centre in Griqualand East. Another railway parallel but south of that described also traverses Kaffraria. Starting from Amabele, a station on the main line from East London to the See also:

north, it goes via Butterworth (132 M. from East London) to Umtata (234 m.). See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration and See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice.-The Cape administrative and judicial See also:

SYSTEM

system is in force, See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save as modified by See also:

SPECIAL

special enactments of the Cape See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament. A " Native Territories Penal See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

Code " which came into operation on the 1st of See also:

JANUARY

January 1887 governs the relations of the natives, who are under the See also:

jurisdiction of a chief magistrate (See also:

RESIDENT

resident at Cape Town) with subordinate magistrates in the Territories. In See also:

CIVIL

civil affairs the tribal organization and native See also:

LAWS

laws are maintained. No chief, however, exercises criminal jurisdiction. Since 1898 certain provisions of the Glen See also:

Grey See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act have been applied to Kaffraria. (see GLEN GREY). The See also:

revenue is included in the See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget of the Cape province. The See also:

EXPENDITURE

expenditure on Kaffraria considerably exceeds the revenue derived from it.

The See also:

FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise laws are the same as in the Cape proper. Though the Kaffirs out, number the whites by fifty to one, white men See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the bulk of the electorate, which in 1904 numbered 4778. See also:

Religion.—See also:

Numbers of See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant missionary See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies have churches and educational establishments in Kaffraria, but, except in Fingoland, the bulk of the Kaffirs are See also:

HEATHEN

heathen. The Griquas profess See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity and have their own churches and ministers. The Anglican See also:

DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of St John's, Kaffraria, was founded in 1873. See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

Annexation to the Cape.—The See also:

story of the conflicts between the Kaffir tribes and the Cape colonists is told under CAFE COLONY. As See also:

early as 1819 Kaffirland, or Kaffraria, was held not to extend See also:

west beyond the Keiskamma River. The region east of that river as far as the Kei River became in 1847 the See also:

CROWN

Crown colony of British Kaffraria, and was annexed to Cape Colony in 1865. The Transkeian territories remained in nominal See also:

independence until 1875, when the See also:

TEMBU (Ama-Tembu)

Tembu sought British See also:

PROTECTION

protection. An inter-tribal See also:

war in 1877 between See also:

FINGO, or FENGU (Ama-Fengu, " wanderers ")

Fingo and Gcaleka resulted in the territory of the Gcaleka chief Kreli being occupied by the British. It was not, however, till 1879 that Fingoland and the Idutywa Reserve, together with the district then commonly called Noman's-land, were proclaimed an integral part of the Cape. About this See also:

time most of the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Kaffraria came under British See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, but it was 1885 before Gcalekaland, the coast region of Transkei, and the various districts comprising Tembuland—Bomvanaland on the coast, Tembuland Proper and Emigrant Tembuland—were annexed to the colony.

By the annexation, the frontier of the colony was carried to the Umtata River, so that by 1885 only Pondoland, fronting on the Indian Ocean, separated the Cape from Natal. In Pondoland, Port St John, proclaimed British territory in 1881, was, along with the lower reaches of the St John's River, incorporated with Cape Colony in 1884; in 1886 the Xesibe country (See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Ayliff) was annexed to the Cape and added to Griqua-land East; and in the following See also:

YEAR

year Rhode Valley was included within the boundary line. The rest of Pondoland, chiefly in virtue of a British See also:

PROTECTORATE

protectorate established over all the coast region in 1885, was already more or less under British control, and in 1894 it was annexed to the Cape in its entirety. Thus the whole of Kaffraria was incorporated in Cape Colony, with the exception of some 1550 sq. m., then part of Noman's-land, annexed by Natal in 1866 and named See also:

ALFRED

Alfred See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county. To the See also:

wise administration of See also:

Major See also:

Sir See also:

Henry G. Elliot, who served in Kaffraria in various official capacities from 1877 to 1903, the country owes much of its prosperity. Particulars concerning each of the four divisions of Kaffraria follow. Griqualand East (area, 7594 sq. m.), so called to distinguish it from Griqualand West, a district north of the See also:

Orange River, lies between See also:

BASUTOLAND (officially The Territory of Basutoland")

Basutoland (N.W.), Natal (N.E.), Tembuland (S.W.) and Pondoland (S.E.). It occupies the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern slopes of the Drakensberg or the fertile valleys at their feet. It includes most of the region formerly called Noman's-land, and afterwards named See also:

Adam Kok's Land from the Griqua chief who occupied it in 1862 with the consent of the British authorities, and governed the country till his See also:

DEATH

death in 1876, establishing a volksraad on the Dutch See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model. The Griquas are still ruled by an officially appointed See also:

head-See also:

man. The See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the inhabitants are Basutos and Kaffirs (Pondomisi, Ama-Baka and other tribes).

The Griquas number about 6000. Since its annexation to Cape Colony Griqualand East has made fairly rapid progress. The population See also:

rose from 121,000 in 1881 to 222,685 in 1904, of whom 5901 were whites. Stock-breeding on the uplands, tillage on the lower slopes of the Drakensberg, are the chief See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries. On these slopes and uplands the climate is delightful and well suited to Europeans. There is considerable trade with Basutoland in See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and stock, and through Kokstad with Port St John and Port See also:

SHEPSTONE, SIR THEOPHILUS (1817-1893)

Shepstone, Natal. Much of the best agricultural land is owned by Europeans. Tembuland (area, 4122 sq. M.), which lies S.W. of Griqualand East and comprises the districts of Tembuland Proper, Emigrant Tembuland and Bomvanaland, takes its name from, the Tembu nation, called sometimes Tambookies, one of the most powerful of the Kaffir See also:

groups. In the See also:

NATIONAL

national genealogies the Tembu hold an See also:

HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable position, being traditionally descended from Tembu, See also:

elder See also:

BROTHER

brother of Xosa, from whom most of the other Kaffirs claim descent. The inhabitants increased from about 16o,000 in 1881 to 231,472 in 1904, of whom 8056 were whites. The chief town is Umtata.

Transkei (area, 2552 sq. m.) comprises the districts of Fingoland, the Idutywa Reserve and Gcalekaland, this last being named from the Gcaleka nation, who claim to be the See also:

SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Xosa See also:

FAMILY

family, the principal royal line of the Kaffir tribes. They still form the chief See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of the population, which rose from 136,000 in 1881 to 177,730 in 1904 (1707 whites). Here are some prosperous missionary stations, where the natives are taught See also:

agriculture, See also:

MECHANICAL

mechanical industries and a knowledge of letters. The heroic deeds of Hinza, Kreli and other chiefs famous in the See also:

WARS

wars are still remembered; but See also:

WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft, See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-making and other See also:

pagan practices seem to have died out. Even more advanced in all social respects are the Fingo, who give their name to the district of Fingoland, and also form the bulk of the population in the Idutywa Reserve. They See also:

WEAR

wear See also:

EUROPEAN

European clothes, support their See also:

SCHOOLS

schools by voluntary contributions, edit See also:

NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, translate See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

POETRY

poetry, set their national songs to correct See also:

MUSIC

music, and the majority profess Christianity. The See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial institution of Blythswood, .about 20 M. N.W. of Butterworth, is a branch of See also:

LOVEDALE

Lovedale (q.v.), and is largely supported by the Fingo. Pondoland (area, 4040 sq. m.; pop. (1904), 202,757 (including 1113 whites), an estimated increase of 36,000 since 189r) is bounded E. by the sea, N. by Natal, W. by Griqualand East, by S. and Tembuland. In Pondoland the See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive organization of the natives has been little altered and the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the chiefs is very See also:

GREAT

great. Land is held almost wholly in tribal tenure, though a number of whites possess farms acquired before the annexation of the country.

The See also:

PONDO

Pondo have shown some appreciation of the benefits of See also:

EDUCATION

education. See G. McCall Theal's See also:

HISTORY

History of South Africa and other See also:

WORKS

works cited under CAPE COLONY; also The Native or Transkeian Territories, by C. C. Henkel (See also:

HAMBURG

Hamburg, 1903), a useful handbook by an ex-official in the Transkeian Territories.

End of Article: KAFFRARIA

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