Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

LORIS

Online Encyclopedia

Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 9 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.

Encyclopedia Home :: LOB-LUP

Spread the word:

del.icio.us it!

LORIS , a name of uncertain origin applied to the Indo-See also:

MALAY

Malay representatives of the lemurs, which, together with the See also:

AFRICAN

African pottos, constitute the See also:

section Nycticebinae of the See also:

FAMILY

family Nycticebidae (see See also:

PRIMATES). From their extremely slow movements and lethargic habits in the daytime these weird little creatures are commonly called sloths by Anglo-See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians. Their soft See also:

FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur, huge staring eyes, rudimentary tails and imperfectly See also:

DEVELOPED

developed See also:

INDEX

index-fingers render lorises easy of recognition. The smallest is the slender loris (Loris gracilis) of the forests of See also:

MADRAS

Madras and See also:

CEYLON

Ceylon, a creature smaller than a See also:

squirrel. It is of such exceeding strangeness and beauty that it might have been thought it would be protected by the natives; but they hold it alive before a See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire till its beautiful eyes burst in See also:

order to afford a supposed remedy for ophthalmia! The mainland and Cingalese animals See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form distinct races. Both in this See also:

SPECIES

species and the slow loris there is a pair of rudimentary abdominal teats in addition to the normal See also:

PECTORAL

pectoral pair. The slow loris (Nycticebus lardigradus) is a heavier built and larger See also:

animal, ranging from eastern See also:

Bengal to See also:

Cochin See also:

CHINA

China, See also:

SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam, the Malay See also:

Peninsula, See also:

JAVA

Java and See also:

SUMATRA

Sumatra. There are several races, mostly See also:

grey in See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, but the Sumatran N. t. hilleri is reddish. (R. L.*) LORIS-MELIKOV, See also:

MICHAEL TARIELOVICH, See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT (1825?-1888), See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian statesman, son of an Armenian See also:

MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

TIFLIS

Tiflis in 1825 or 1826, and educated in St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg, first in the Lazarev School of See also:

ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

LANGUAGES

Languages, and afterwards in the See also:

GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards' See also:

CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

Cadet See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute. He joined a See also:

HUSSAR

hussar See also:

REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, and four years afterwards (1847) he was sent to the See also:

CAUCASUS

Caucasus, where he remained for more than twenty years, and made for himself during troublous times the reputation of a distinguished See also:

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry officer and an able See also:

ADMINISTRATOR

administrator.

In the latter capacity, though a keen soldier, he aimed always at preparing the warlike and turbulent See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population committed to his See also:

charge for the transition from military to normal See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and in this See also:

WORK

work his favourite See also:

INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument was the schoolmaster. In the Russo-See also:

TURKISH

Turkish See also:

War of 1877–78 he commanded a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps d'armee on , the Turkish frontier in See also:

ASIA

Asia See also:

Minor. After taking the fortress of Ardahan, he was repulsed by Mukhtar See also:

PASHA

Pasha at Zevin, but subsequently defeated his opponent at Aladja Dagh, took See also:

KARS

Kars by See also:

storm, and laid See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to See also:

ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

Erzerum. For these services he received the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Count. In the following See also:

YEAR

year he was appointed temporary See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

general of the region of the See also:

LOWER

Lower See also:

VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga, to combat an outbreak of the See also:

PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague. The See also:

MEASURES

measures he adopted proved so effectual that he was transferred to the provinces of Central See also:

Russia to combat the Nihilists and Anarchists, who had adopted a policy of terrorism, and had succeeded in assassinating the governor of See also:

KHARKOV

Kharkov. His and the See also:

Meuse, together with the dioceses of See also:

COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, See also:

TRIER (French Troves)

Trier, See also:

METZ

Metz, See also:

TOUL

Toul, See also:

VERDUN

Verdun, See also:

Liege and See also:

CAMBRAI

Cambrai, See also:

Basel, See also:

STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg and See also:

BESANCON

Besancon, and corresponded to what is now See also:

Holland and See also:

Belgium, parts of Rhenish See also:

Prussia, of See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, and of the old See also:

province of Franche-See also:

COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte, and to the See also:

DISTRICT

district known later as Upper See also:

LORRAINE

Lorraine, or simply Lorraine. Though apparently of an absolutely artificial See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, this See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom corresponded essentially to the See also:

ancient See also:

Francia, the See also:

CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle of the Carolingian See also:

house, and See also:

long retained a certain unity. It was to the in-habitants of this region that the name of Lotharienses or Lotharingi was primitively applied, although the word Lotharingia, as the designation of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, only appears in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the loth See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. The reign of See also:

King See also:

Lothair (q.v.), which was continually disturbed by quarrels with his uncles, See also:

Charles the Bald and See also:

Louis the See also:

German, and by the difficulties caused by the See also:

DIVORCE

divorce of his See also:

queen Teutberga, whom he had forsaken for a concubine called Waldrada, ended on the 8th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 869. His See also:

INHERITANCE

inheritance was disputed by his uncles, and was divided by the treaty of Meersen (8th of August 87o), by which Charles the Bald received See also:

PART

part of the province of Besancon and some See also:

LAND

land between the Moselle and the Meuse. Then for a See also:

time the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Charles the See also:

FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

Fat See also:

UNITED

united under his authority the whole of the kingdom IA Lorraine with the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Carolingian See also:

EMPIRE

empire.

After the deposition of Charles in 888 See also:

Rudolph, king of See also:

BURGUNDY

Burgundy, got himself recognized in Lorraine. He was unable to maintain himself there, and succeeded in detaching definitively no more than the province of Besancon. Lorraine remained in the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the emperor See also:

ARNULF (c. 850-899)

Arnulf, who in 895 constituted it a distinct kingdom in favour of his son Zwentibold. Zwentibold quickly became embroiled with the nobles and the bishops, and especially with See also:

Bishop Radbod of Trier. Among the See also:

lay lords the most important was See also:

Regnier (incorrectly called Long-See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck), count of Hesbaye and Hainault, who is styled See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke by the Lotharingian chronicler See also:

REGINON, or REGINO

Reginon, though he does not appear ever to have See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne the title. In 898 Zwentibold stripped Regnier of his fiefs, whereupon the latter appealed to the king of See also:

France, Charles the See also:

SIMPLE

Simple, whose intervention, however, had no enduring effect. After the See also:

DEATH

death of Arnulf in 899, the Lotharingians appealed to his successor, Louis the See also:

Child, to replace Zwentibold, who, on the 13th of August 900, was killed in See also:

BATTLE

battle. In spite of the dissensions which immediately arose between him and the Lotharingian lords, Louis retained the kingdom till his death. The Lotharingians, however, refused to recognize the new German king, See also:

Conrad I., and testified their See also:

ATTACHMENT

attachment to the Carolingian house by electing as See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign the king of the See also:

West See also:

Franks, Charles the Simple. Charles was at first supported by Giselbert, son and successor of Regnier, but was abandoned by his ally, who in 919 appealed to the German king, See also:

Henry I. The struggle ended in the treaty of See also:

BONN

Bonn (921), by which apparently the rights of Charles over Lorraine were recognized. The revolt of the Frankish lords in 922 and the captivity of Charles finally settled the question.

After an unsuccessful attack by Rudolph or Raoul, king of France, Henry became See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of Lorraine in 925, thanks to the support of Giselbert, whom he rewarded with the See also:

hand of his daughter Gerberga and the title of duke of Lorraine. Giselbert at first remained faithful to Henry's son, See also:

OTTO

Otto the See also:

GREAT

Great, but in 938 he appears to have joined the revolt directed against Otto by See also:

Eberhard, duke of See also:

FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia. In 939, in See also:

CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with Eberhard and Otto's See also:

BROTHER

brother, Henry of See also:

Saxony, he declared open war against Otto and appealed to Louis d'Outremer, who penetrated into Lorraine and See also:

ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, but was soon called back to France by the revolt of the count of See also:

VERMANDOIS

Vermandois. In the same year Giselbert and Eberhard were defeated and killed near See also:

ANDERNACH

Andernach, and Otto at once made himself recognized in the whole of Lorraine, securing it by a treaty with Louis d'Outremer, who married Giselbert's widow Gerberga, and entrusting the See also:

government of it to Count Otto, son of Ricuin, until Giselbert's son Henry should have attained his See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority. After the deaths of the See also:

young Henry and Count Otto in 944, Otto the Great gave Lorraine to Conrad the Red, duke of success in this struggle led to his being appointed See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the Supreme Executive See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission which had been created in St Petersburg to See also:

DEAL

deal with the revolutionary agitation in general. Here, as in the Caucasus, he showed a decided preference for the employment of See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary legal methods rather than exceptional extra-legal measures, and an See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt on his own See also:

LIFE

life soon after he assumed See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office did not shake his convictions. In his See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion the best policy was to strike at the See also:

root of the evil by removing the causes of popular discontent, and for this purpose he recommended to the emperor a large See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of administrative and economic reforms. See also:

Alexander II., who was beginning to lose faith in the efficacy of the simple method of See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police repression hitherto employed, See also:

LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent a willing See also:

EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear to the See also:

SUGGESTION

suggestion; and when the Supreme Commission was dissolved in August 188o, he appointed Count Loris-Melikov See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

Minister of the Interior with exceptional See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers. The proposed scheme of reforms was at once taken in hand, but it was never carried out. On the very See also:

day in See also:

March 1881 that the emperor signed a See also:

UKAZ, or UKASE (Russ., from ukazat, a shortened form of ukazlivat, to show, announce, prescribe)

ukaz creating several commissions, composed of officials and eminent private individuals, who should prepare reforms in various branches of the administration, he was assassinated by Nihilist conspirators; and his successor, Alexander III., at once adopted a strongly reactionary policy. Count Loris-Melikov immediately resigned, and lived in retirement until his death, which took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at See also:

NICE

Nice on the 22nd of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1888. (D.

End of Article: LORIS

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
LORINER, or LORIMER (from O. Fr. loremier or loreni...

[next]
LORIUM