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CASIMIR IV ., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Poland (1427-1492), second son of See also:Wladislaus II. Jagiello, was appointed while still a lad See also:grand-See also:duke of Lithuania by his See also:father, and crowned king of Poland at See also:Cracow in See also:June 1447, three years after the See also:death of his See also:elder See also:brother, Wladislaus III., at the See also:battle of See also:Varna. The cause of this See also:long See also:interregnum was the disinclination of the See also:Lithuanians to See also:part with their See also:prince till their outstanding See also:differences with Poland, See also:relating chiefly to the delimitation of the frontiers of the two states, had been settled. Casimir's reign of See also:forty-five years was See also:epoch-making for Poland. He was without doubt one of the greatest statesmen of his See also:age, concealing beneath a See also:simple exterior and homely habits a profound See also:political sagacity and an unerring See also:common-sense, and possessing in a high degree those useful qualities of See also:patience, moderation, and tenacity, which characterized nearly all the princes of the See also:house of Jagiello. Throughout See also:life he steadily followed two guiding principles—the preservation of the political See also:union between Poland and Lithuania at whatever cost, and the recovery of the lost lands of old Poland. It was.due entirely to his steadfast adherence to these principles that Poland in the course of the 15th See also:century See also:rose to the See also:rank of a See also:great See also:power; but by a singular See also:irony of See also:fate, Casimir, in consequence of his unswerving efforts to make his See also:country glorious and prosperous, entirely forfeited the popularity of his See also:Polish subjects, whose true interests he under-stood far better than they did themselves. Thus his refusal to See also:sacrifice Polish to Lithuanian or Lithuanian to Polish interests caused both Poles and Lithuanians to accuse the far-seeing monarch of, partiality and favouritism; while his See also:anti-See also:German policy, on which the future safety of the dual See also:state depended, could only be carried through by the most humiliating concessions to patrician See also:pride and greed. His difficulties were moreover considerably enhanced by the fact that he was not of an essentially See also:martial temperament, and could not therefore See also:appeal to the heroic See also:side of the Polish See also:character.
The great See also:triumph of Casimir's reign was the final subjugation of the See also:Teutonic See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
Order, a triumph only accomplished after a harassing and desultory thirteen years' See also:war, during which Casimir's own subjects gave him more trouble than all his enemies. The pretext of the rupture was the See also:attempt of the
knights to crush the Prussian See also:diet, which, bearing as it did most of the burdens, claimed fairly enough a proportionate See also:share in the See also:government of the Prussian provinces. Excommunicated by the See also:pope and placed under the See also:ban of the See also:Empire, the Prussian cities and gentry naturally turned to their nearest See also:neighbour, Poland, for See also:protection. In See also:October 1453 they placed themselves beneath the overlordship of Casimir; on the 4th of See also:February 1454 formally renounced their See also:ancient See also:allegiance to the Order; and some See also:weeks later captured no fewer than fifty-seven towns and castles. On the 6th of See also:March 1454 Casimir issued a manifesto directing the See also:incorporation of the Prussian provinces with Poland, but granting them at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time freedom from See also:taxation and full See also:autonomy. But except in the border See also:province of Great Poland, the acquisition of this new territory excited little See also:interest and no See also:enthusiasm in Poland generally. The See also:local diets granted subsidies with a niggard See also:hand, and for the conduct of the war the king soon had to depend almost entirely on Hussite mercenaries, who frequently turned against him when their See also:wages were not paid. The Polish gentry on the other hand exhibited far less See also:energy in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field than in the See also:council chamber; they were defeated again and again by the knights, and showed themselves utterly incapable of taking fortresses. No wonder then if in the earlier years of the war the Order recovered its lost ground, and the king, irritated beyond endurance by the suicidal See also:parsimony of the estates, threatened to retire to the forests of Lithuania. But manlier counsels prevailed, the struggle was resumed, and after the bloody victory of Puck (See also:September 17, 1462) the scales of See also:fortune inclined decisively to the side of Poland. Finally the See also:Holy See intervened, and by the second See also:peace of See also:Thorn (October 14, 1466) all See also:West See also:Prussia, as it is now called, was ceded to Poland, while See also:East Prussia was See also:left in the hands of the knights, who held it as a See also:fief of the Polish See also:crown.
The intervention:of the See also:Curia, which hitherto had been hostile to Casimir because of his steady and patriotic resistance to papal aggression, was due to the permutations of See also:European politics. The pope was anxious to get rid of the Hussite king of Bohemia, See also:George See also:Podebrad, as the first step towards the formation of a See also:league against the Turk. Casimir was to be a leading See also:factor in this See also:combination, and he took See also:advantage of it to procure the See also:election of his son Wladislaus as king of Bohemia. But he would not commit himself too far, and his ulterior plans were frustrated by the rivalry of See also:Matthias See also:Corvinus, king of See also:Hungary, who even went so far as to stimulate the Teutonic Order to rise against Casimir. The death, of Matthias in 1490 was a great See also:relief to Poland, and Casimir employed the two remaining years of his reign in consolidating his position still further. He expired rather suddenly while See also:hunting a.t Troki in Lithuania in June 1492.
The feature of Casimir's character which most impressed his contemporaries was his extraordinary simplicity and sobriety. He, one of the greatest monarchs in See also:Europe, habitually wore See also:plain Cracow See also:cloth, drank nothing but See also:water, and kept the most austere of tables. His one See also:passion was the See also:chase. Yet his liberality to his ministers and servants was proverbial, and his vanquished enemies he always treated with magnificent generosity. Casimir's married life was singularly happy. His See also:consort, See also:Elizabeth of See also:Austria, " the See also:mother of the Jagiellos," See also:bore him six sons and seven daughters, and by her See also:affection and See also:good counsel materially relieved the See also:constant anxieties and grievous burdens of his long and arduous reign.
See See also:Jan See also:Dlugosz, See also:Opera (Cracow, 1887) ; See also:August Sokolowski, Illustrated See also:History of Poland (Pol.), vol. ii. (See also:Vienna, 1904). (R. N. B.)
CASIMIR-PRIER, See also:JEAN See also:PAUL See also:PIERRE (1847-1907), fifth See also:president of the See also:French See also:Republic, was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 8th of See also:November 1847, being the See also:grandson of Casimir Pierre See also:Perier (q.v.) the famous premier of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Philippe. He entered public life as secretary to his father, A. V.L. C. Perier, who was See also:minister of the interior under the See also:presidency of See also:Thiers. In 1874 he was elected See also:general councillor of the .See also:Aube, and was sent by the same See also:department to the chamber of deputies in the general electic. s of 1876, and he was always re-elected until his presidency. In spite of the traditions of his See also:family, Casimir-Perier joined thegroup of Republicans on the Left, and was one of the 363 on the Seize-See also:Mai (1897). If he refused to See also:vote the See also:expulsion of the princes in 1883, and resigned as See also:deputy upon the enactment of the See also:law, it was only owing to See also:personal connexions with the family of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans. On the 17th of August 1883 he became under-secretary of state for war, and retained that position until the 7th of See also:January 1885. From 1890 to 1892 he was See also:vice-president of the chamber, then in 1893 president. On the 3rd of See also:December he became See also:prime-minister, holding the department of See also:foreign affairs, resigned in May 1894, and was re-elected president of the chamber. On the 24th of June 1894, after the assassination of President See also:Carnot, he was elected president of the republic by 451 votes against 195 for See also:Henri See also:Brisson and 97 for See also:Charles See also:Dupuy. His presidency lasted only six months. The resignation of the Dupuy See also:ministry on the 14th of January 1895 was followed the next See also:day by that of the president. Casimir-Perier explained his See also:action by the fact that he found himself ignored by the ministers, who did not consult him before taking decisions, and did not keep him informed upon political events, especially in foreign affairs. From that time he definitely and absolutely abandoned politics, and devoted himself to business—especially See also:mining. At the trial of See also:Dreyfus at See also:Rennes, Casimir-Perier's See also:evidence, as opposed to that of General See also:Mercier, was of great value to the cause of Dreyfus. He died on the 11th of March 1907.
End of Article: CASIMIR IV
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