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GUSTAVUS I . ERIKSSON (1496-156o), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Sweden, was See also:born at his See also:mother's See also:estate at Lindholm on See also:Ascension See also:Day 1496. He came of a See also:family which had shone conspicuously in 15th-See also:century politics, though it generally took the See also:anti-See also:national See also:side. His See also:father, Erik Johansson of Rydboholm, " a merry and jocose See also:gentleman," but, like all the See also:Swedish Vasas, liable to sudden fierce gusts of See also:temper, was one of the senators who voted for the deposition of See also:Archbishop See also:Trolle, at the riksdag of 1517 (see SWEDEN, See also:History), for which See also:act of patriotism he lost his See also:head. Gustavus's mother, See also:Cecilia Mansdatter, was closely connected by See also:marriage with the See also:great See also:Sture family. Gustavus's youthful °experiences impressed him with a See also:life-See also:long distrust of everything Danish. In his eighteenth See also:year he was sent to the See also:court of his See also:cousin Sten Sture. At the See also:battle of Brannkyrka, when Sture
1 Erste Linien eines Versuchs fiber den Ursprung der See also:alien Slaven (See also:Leipzig, 1783-1789), p. 145.
2 La Guzla, ou choix de poesies lyriques recueillies daps la Dalmatie, la Bosnie, la Croatie, &c. (See also:Paris, 1827).
3 See also:Dissertations sur See also:les antiquites de Russie (St See also:Petersburg, 1795), pl. ii. No. 9, p. 31.
defeated See also:Christian II. of See also:Denmark, the See also:young Gustavus See also:bore the See also:governor's See also:standard, and in the same year (1518) he was delivered with five other See also:noble youths as a See also:hostage to King Christian, who treacherously carried him prisoner to Denmark. He was detained for twelve months in the See also:island fortress of Kalo, on the See also:east See also:coast of See also:Jutland, but contrived to See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape to See also:Lubeck in See also:September 1519. There he found an See also:asylum till the loth of May 1520, when he chartered a See also:ship to See also:Kalmar, one of the few Swedish fortresses which held out against Christian II.
It was while See also:hunting near See also:Lake Mdlar that the See also:news of the See also:Stockholm See also:massacre was brought to him by a See also:peasant fresh from the See also:capital, who told him, at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, that a See also:price had been set upon his head. In his extremity, Gustavus saw only one way of deliverance, an See also:appeal for help to the sturdy yeomen of the dales. How the dalesmen set Gustavus on the See also:throne and how he and they finally drove the Danes out of Sweden (1521—1523) is elsewhere recorded (see SWEDEN: History). But his worst troubles only began after his See also:coronation on the 6th of See also:June 1523. The See also:financial position of the See also:crown was the most important of all the problems demanding See also:solution, for upon that everything else depended. By releasing his See also:country from the tyranny of Denmark, Gustavus had made the See also:free See also:independent development of Sweden a possibility. It was for him to realize that possibility. First of all, See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order had to be evolved from the See also:chaos in which Sweden had been plunged by the disruption of the See also:Union; and the shortest, perhaps the only, way thereto was to restore the royal authority, which had been in See also:abeyance during ninety years. But an effective reforming See also:monarchy must stand upon a See also:sound financial basis; and the usual revenues of the crown, always inadequate, were so diminished that they did not See also:cover See also:half the daily expenses of See also:government. New taxes could only be imposed with extreme caution, while the country was still bleeding from the wounds of a long See also:war. And men were wanted even more than See also:money. The lack of capable, trustworthy administrators in Sweden was grievous. The whole See also:burden of government weighed exclusively on the shoulders of the new king, a young See also:man of seven and twenty. Half his time was taken up in travelling from one end of the See also:kingdom to the other, and doing purely clerical See also:work for want of competent assistance. We can See also:form some See also:idea of his difficulties when we learn that, in 1533, he could not send an See also:ambassador to Lubeck because not a single man in his See also:council, except himself, knew See also:German. It was this lack of native See also:- TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
talent which compelled Gustavus frequently to employ the services of See also:foreign adventurers like Berent von Mehlen, See also:John von Hoja, Konrad von Pyhy and others.
-It was not the least of Gustavus's many anxieties that he had constantly to be on the See also:watch lest a formidable democratic See also:rival should encroach on his See also:prerogative. That rival was the Swedish peasantry.
He succeeded indeed in putting down the four formidable rebellions which convulsed the See also:realm from 1525 to 1542, but the. consequent See also:strain upon his resources was very damaging, and more than once he was on the point of abdicating and emigrating, out of sheer weariness. Moreover he was in See also:constant fear of the Danes. See also:Necessity compelled him indeed (1534—1536) to take See also:part in Grevens fejde (See also:Counts' War) (see DENMARK, History), as the ally of Christian III., but his exaggerated distrust of the Danes was invincible. " We advise and exhort you," he wrote to the governor of Kalmar, " to put no See also:hope or See also:trust in the Danes, or in their sweet scribbling, inasmuch as they mean nothing at all by it except how best they may deceive and betray us Swedes." Such instructions were not calculated to promote confidence between Swedish and Danish negotiators. A fresh cause of dispute was generated in 1548, when Christian See also:IIL's daughter was wedded to See also:Duke See also:Augustus' of See also:Saxony. On that occasion, apparently by way of protest against the See also:decree of the See also:diet of See also:Vesteras (15th of See also:January 1J44), declaring the Swedish crown hereditary in Gustavus's family, the Danish king caused to be quartered on his daughter's See also:shield not only the three Danish lions and the See also:Norwegian See also:lion with the See also:axe of St See also:Olaf, but also " the three crowns " of Sweden. Gustavus, naturally suspicious, was much perturbed by the innovation, and warned all his border officials to be watchful and prepare for the worst.
In 1557 he even wrote to the Danish king protesting against the placing of " the three crowns " in the royal Danish See also:seal beneath the arms of Denmark. Christian III. replied that " the three crowns " signified not Sweden in especial, but the three Scandinavian kingdoms, and that their insertion in the Danish shield was only a See also:reminiscence of the union of Kalmar. But Gustavus was not satisfied, and this was the beginning of " the three crowns " dispute which did so much damage to both kingdoms.
The events which led to the rupture of Gustavus with the See also:Holy See are set forth in the proper See also:place (see SWEDEN: History). Here it need only be added that it was a purely See also:political act, as Gustavus, personally, had no strong dogmatic leanings either way. He not unnaturally expressed his amazement when that very juvenile reformer Olavus Petri confidently informed him that the See also:pope was See also:antichrist. He consulted the older and graver See also:Laurentius Andreae, who told him how " See also:Doctor Martinus had clipped the wings of the pope, the cardinals and the big bishops," which could not fail to be pleasing intelligence to a monarch who was never an admirer of See also:episcopacy, while the See also:rich revenues of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, accumulated in the course of centuries, were a tempting See also:object to the impecunious ruler of an impoverished See also:people. Subsequently, when the See also:Protestant See also:hierarchy was forcibly established in Sweden, matters were much complicated by the absolutist tendencies of Gustavus. The incessant labour, the constant anxiety, which were the daily portion of Gustavus See also:Vasa during the seven and See also:thirty years of his reign, told at last even upon his magnificent constitution. In the See also:spring of 156o, conscious of an ominous decline of his See also:powers, Gustavus summoned his last diet, to give an See also:account of his stewardship. On the 16th of June 156o the See also:assembly met at Stockholm. Ten days later, supported by his sons, Gustavus greeted the estates in the great See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall of the See also:palace, when he took a retrospect of his reign, reminding them of the misery of the kingdom during the union and its deliverance from " that unkind See also:tyrant, King Christian." Four days later the diet passed a See also:resolution confirming the hereditary right of Gustavus's son, See also:Prince See also:Eric, to the throne. The old king's last anxieties were now See also:oven and he could See also:die in See also:peace. He expired on the 29th of September 156o.
Gustavus was thrice married. His first wife, See also:Catherine, daughter of See also:Magnus I., duke of See also:Saxe-See also:Lauenburg, bore him in 1533 his eldest son Eric. This union was neither long nor happy, but the blame for its infelicity is generally attributed to the See also:lady, whose abnormal See also:character was reflected and accentuated in her unhappy son. Much more fortunate was Gustavus's second marriage, a year after the See also:death of his first See also:consort, with his own countrywoman, See also:Margaret Lejonhufvud, who bore him five sons and five daughters, of whom three sons, John, Magnus and See also:Charles, and one daughter, Cecilia, survived their childhood. See also:Queen Margaret died in 1551; and a twelvemonth later Gustavus wedded her niece, Catharine See also:Stenbock, a handsome girl of sixteen, who survived him more than sixty years.
Gustavus's outward See also:appearance in the See also:prime of life is thus described by a contemporary: " He was of the See also:middle height, with a See also:round head, See also:light yellow See also:hair, a See also:fine long See also:- BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
- BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)
beard, See also:sharp eyes, a ruddy countenance . . . and a See also:body as fitly and well proportioned as any painter could have painted it. He was of a sanguine-choleric temperament, and when untroubled and unvexed .a See also:bright and cheerful gentleman, easy to get on with, and however many people happened to be in the same See also:room with him, he was never at a loss for an See also:answer to every one of them." Learned he was not, but he had naturally bright and clear under-See also:standing, an unusually See also:good memory, and a marvellous capacity for taking pains. He was also very devout, and his morals were irreproachable. On the other See also:hand, Gustavus had his full See also:share of the family failings of irritability and suspiciousness, the latter quality becoming almost morbid under the pressure of adverse circumstances. His See also:energy too not infrequently degenerated into violence, and when crossed he was See also:apt to be tyrannical.
See A. Alberg, Gustavus Vasa and his Times (See also:London, 1882) ; R. N. See also:Bain, Scandinavia, chaps. iii. and v. (See also:Cambridge, 1905); P. B. See also:Watson, The Swedish Revolution under Gustavus Vasa (London, 1889); O. Sjogren, Gustaf Vasa (Stockholm, 1896); C. M. See also:- BUTLER
- BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
- BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
- BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
- BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
- BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
- BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
- BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
- BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
- BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
- BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)
Butler,
The See also:Reformation in Sweden (New See also:York, 1883) ; Sveriges Historia (Stockholm, 1877–1881); J. Weidling, Schwedische Geschichte See also:im Zeitalter der Reformation (See also:Gotha, 1882). (R. N.
End of Article: GUSTAVUS I
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