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See also:OTTO IV, (c. 1182–1218) , See also:Roman See also:emperor, second son of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry the See also:Lion, See also:duke of See also:Saxony, and See also:Matilda, daughter of Henry II., See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:England, was most probably See also:born at Argenton in central See also:France. His See also:father died when he was still See also:young, and he was educated at the See also:court of his See also:uncle See also:Richard I., king of England, under whose leadership he gained valuable experience in See also:war, being appointed duke of See also:Aquitaine, See also:count of See also:Poitou and See also:earl of See also:Yorkshire. When the emperor Henry VI. died in See also:September 1197, some of the princes under the leadership of Adolph, See also:archbishop of See also:Cologne, were anxious to find a See also:rival to See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, duke of See also:Swabia, who had been elected See also:German king. After some delay their choice See also:fell upon Otto, who was chosen king at Cologne on the 9th of See also:June 1198. Hostilities See also:broke out at once, and Otto, who See also:drew his See also:main support from his hereditary possessions in the Rhineland and Saxony, seized See also:Aix-la-Chapelle, and was crowned there on the 12th of See also:July 1198. The earlier course of the war was unfavourable to Otto, whose position was weakened by the See also:death of Richard of England in See also:April 1199; but his cause began to improve when See also:Pope See also:Innocent III. declared for him and placed his rival under the See also:ban in April 1201. This support was See also:purchased by a See also:capitulation signed by Otto at See also:Neuss, which ratified the See also:independence and decided the boundaries of the States of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, and was the first See also:authentic basis for the See also:practical authority of the pope in central See also:Italy. In 1200 an attack made by Philip on See also:Brunswick was beaten off, the See also:city of See also:Worms was taken, and subsequently the aid of Ottakar I., king of Bohemia, was won for Otto. The papal See also:legate Guido worked energetically on his behalf, several princes were persuaded to See also:desert Philip and by the e..d of 1203 his success seemed assured. But after a See also:period of reverses, Otto was wounded during a fight in July 1206 and compelled to take See also:refuge in Cologne. Retiring to See also:Denmark, he obtained military assistance from King Waldemar II., and a visit to England procured monetary aid from King See also:John, after which he managed to maintain his position in Brunswick. Preparations were made to drive him from his last refuge, when he was saved by the See also:murder of Philip in June 1208. Many of the supporters of Philip now made overtures to Otto, and an See also:attempt to set up Henry I. duke of See also:Brabant having failed, Otto submitted to a fresh See also:election and was chosen German king at See also:Frankfort on the 11th of See also:November 1208 in the presence of a large gathering of princes. A See also:general reconciliation followed, which was assisted by the See also:betrothal of Otto to Philip's eldest daughter Beatrix, but as she was only ten years old, the See also:marriage was deferred until the 22nd of July 1212. The pope who had previously recognized the victorious Philip, hastened to return to the See also:side of Otto; the capitulation of Neuss was renewed and large concessions were made to the church.
In See also:August 1209 the king set out for Italy. See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
Meeting with no opposition, he was received at See also:Viterbo by Innocent, but refused the papal demand that he should concede to the church all the territories which, previous to 1197, had been in dispute between the See also:Empire and the Papacy, consenting, however, not to claim supremacy over See also:Sicily. He was crowned emperor at See also:Rome on the 4th of See also:October 1209, a ceremony which was followed by fighting between the See also:Romans and the German soldiers. The pope then requested the emperor to leave Roman territory;but he remained near Rome for some days, demanding See also:satisfaction for the losses suffered by his troops. The See also:breach with Innocent soon widened, and in violation of the treaty made with the pope Otto attempted to recover for the Empire all the See also:property which Innocent had annexed to the Church, and rewarded his supporters with large estates in the disputed territories. Having occupied See also:Tuscany he marched into See also:Apulia, See also:part of the See also:kingdom of See also:Frederick of See also:Hohenstaufen, afterwards the emperor Frederick II., and on the 18th of November 1210 was excommunicated by the pope. Regardless of this See also:sentence Otto completed the See also:conquest of See also:southern Italy, but the efforts of Innocent had succeeded in arousing considerable opposition in See also:Germany, where the rebels were also supported by Philip See also:Augustus, king of France. A number of princes assembled at See also:Nuremberg declared Otto deposed, and invited Frederick to fill the vacant See also:throne. Returning to Germany in See also:March 1212, Otto made some headway against his enemies until the arrival of Frederick towards the See also:close of the See also:year. The death of his wife in August 1212 had weakened his hold on the southern duchies, and he was soon confined to the See also:district of the See also:lower See also:Rhine, although supported by See also:money from his uncle King John of England. The final See also:blow to his fortunes came when he was decisively defeated by the See also:French at See also:Bouvines in Jttly 1214. He escaped with difficulty from the fight and took refuge in Cologne. His former supporters hastened to recognize Frederick; and in 1216 he See also:left Cologne for Brunswick, which he had received in 1202 by arrangement with his See also:elder See also:brother Henry. The conquest of See also:Hamburg by the Danes, and the death of John of England, were further blows to his cause. On the 19th of May 1218 he died at the See also:Harzburg after being loosed from the ban by a Cistercian See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk, and was buried in the church of St See also:Blasius at Brunswick. He married for his second wife in May 1214 See also:Marie, daughter of Henry I., duke of Brabant, but left no See also:children.
See Regesta imperii V., edited by J. Ficker (See also:Innsbruck, 1881); L. von See also:Ranke, Weltgeschichte, Part viii. (See also:Leipzig, 1887–1888) ; W. von See also:Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, See also:Band v. (Leipzig, 1888); O. See also:Abel, Kaiser Otto IV. and See also:Konig See also:Friedrich II. (See also:Berlin, 1856); E. See also:Winkelmann, Philipp von Schwaben and Otto IV. von Braunschweig (Leipzig, 1873-1878) ; G. Langerfeldt, Kaiser Otto der Vierte (See also:Hanover, 1872); R. Schwemer, Innocenz III. and See also:die deutsche Kirche withrend See also:des Thronstreites (See also:Strassburg, 1882) ; and A. See also:Luchaire, Innocent III., la papaute et l'empire (See also:Paris, 1906); and Innocent III., la question d'Orient (Paris, 1906).
End of Article: OTTO IV, (c. 1182–1218)
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