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influence with the Boers in favour of coming to terms with the British. He remained in Natal as a British subject, and in 1847 was chosen by the Dutch farmers there to See also:

lay before the See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Cape Colony the grievances under which they laboured owing to the See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration of natives, to whom locations were assigned to the detriment of See also:

BOER

Boer claims. Pretorius went to Grahams See also:

TOWN

Town, where Sir See also:

Henry See also:

POTTINGER, ELDRED (1811—1843)

Pottinger (the governor) then was; but Sir Henry re-fused to see him or receive any communication from him. Pretorius returned to Natal determined to abandon his See also:

FARM

farm and once more trek beyond the British dominions. With a considerable following he was preparing to See also:

CROSS

cross the Drakensberg when Sir Harry See also:

Smith, newly appointed governor of the Cape, reached the emigrants' See also:

CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp on the See also:

TUGELA (" Startling ")

Tugela (See also:

Jan. 1848).

Sir Harry promised the farmers See also:

PROTECTION

protection from the natives and persuaded many of the party to remain, but Pretorius departed, and on the See also:

PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of British See also:

SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty up to the See also:

VAAL

Vaal fixed his See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in the Magalisberg, See also:

north of that See also:

RIVER

river. He was chosen by the burghers living on both See also:

banks of the Vaal as their commandant-general. At the See also:

REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the Boers at See also:

WINBURG

Winburg Pretorius crossed the Vaal in See also:

JULY

July and led the See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-British party in their " See also:

war of freedom," occupying See also:

BLOEMFONTEIN

Bloemfontein on the loth of the same See also:

month. In See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August he was defeated at Boomplaats by Sir Harry Smith and thereupon re-treated north of the Vaal, where he became leader of one of the largest of the parties into which the trans-Vaal Boers were divided, and commandant-general of See also:

POTCHEFSTROOM

Potchefstroom and See also:

RUSTENBURG

Rustenburg, his See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

RIVAL

rival being Commandant-General A. H. See also:

POTGIETER, EVERHARDES JOHANNES (1808-1875)

Potgieter. In 1851 he was asked by the Boer malcontents in the Orange River Sovereignty and by the Basuto See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Moshesh to come to their aid, and he announced his intention of See also:

CROSSING

crossing the Vaal to " restore See also:

order " in the Sovereignty. His See also:

OBJECT

object, however, was rather to obtain from the British an See also:

ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of the See also:

independence of the See also:

TRANSVAAL

Transvaal Boers. The British See also:

CABINET

cabinet having decided on a policy of See also:

ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment, the proposal of Pretorius was entertained. A See also:

REWARD

reward of £2000 which had been offered for his See also:

APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension after the Boomplaats fight, was withdrawn, Pretorius met the British commissioners at a farm near the See also:

Sand River, and with them concluded the See also:

convention (Jan. 17, 1852) by which the independence of the Transvaal doers was recognized by Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain. Pretorius recrossed the Vaal and at Rustenburg on the 16th of See also:

March was reconciled to Potgieter, the followers of both leaders approving the convention, though the Potgieter party was not represented at the Sand River.

In the same See also:

YEAR

year Pretorius paid a visit to Durban with the object of opening up See also:

trade between Natal and the new See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic. He also in 1852 attempted to See also:

close the road to the interior through See also:

BECHUANALAND (a name given from its inhabitants, the Bechuana, q.v.)

Bechuanaland and sent a commando to the western border against Sechele. During this expedition See also:

David See also:

LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873)

Livingstone's See also:

house at Kolobeng was looted. Pretorius died at his home at Magalisberg on the 23rd of July 1853. He is described by Theal as " the ablest leader and most perfect representative of the Emigrant Farmers." In 1855 a new See also:

DISTRICT

district and a new town were formed out of the Potchefstroom and Rustenburg districts and named See also:

PRETORIA

Pretoria in See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

LATE

late commandant-general. 2. MARTHINIUS PRETORIUS (1819-19o1), the eldest son ofAndries, was appointed in August 1853 to succeed his father as commandant-general of Potchefstroom and Rustenburg, two of the districts into which the Transvaal was then divided. In 1854 he led his burghers against a chief named Makapan, who had murdered a party of twenty-three Boers, including ten See also:

WOMEN

women and See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children. The natives were blockaded in a great See also:

cave in the See also:

ZOUTPANSBERG

Zoutpansberg and about 3000 were starved to See also:

DEATH

death or shot as they attempted to See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape. Having thus chastised Makapan's See also:

CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, Pretorius turned his energies to the creation of a strong central See also:

government, and from 1856 onward his dominating See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea appears to have been the formation of one Boer state to include the Orange River burghers. In December 1856 representatives of the districts of Potchefstroom, Rustenburg and Pretoria met and See also:

drew up a constitution and on the 6th of January the "South See also:

AFRICAN

African Republic" was formally constituted Pretorius having been elected See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president on the previous day. Though the Boers of the See also:

LYDENBURG

Lydenburg, See also:

Utrecht and Zoutpansberg districts refused to acknowledge the new republic, Pretorius, with the active co-operation of Commandant See also:

Paul See also:

KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS (1825-1904)

Kruger (after-wards President Kruger), endeavoured (1857) to bring about the See also:

union of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, and a commando crossed the Vaal to support Pretorius.

The See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at See also:

coercion failed, but in December 1859 the partisans of Pretorius in the Free State secured his See also:

election as president of that republic. Pretorius had just effected a reconciliation of the Lydenburg Boers with those of the other districts of the Transvaal, and hoping to See also:

COMPLETE

complete his See also:

WORK

work of unification he accepted the See also:

PRESIDENCY

presidency of the Free State, assuming See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office at Bloemfontein in February 186o. But the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of anarchy into which the Transvaal See also:

fell shortly afterwards effectually weaned the Free State burghers from any thought of immediate amalgamation with their See also:

NORTHERN

northern neighbours. Pretorius however continued to intervene in the affairs of the Transvaal and at length (See also:

APRIL

April 15, 1863) resigned his Free State presidency. Acting as mediator between the various Transvaal parties Pretorius in January 1864 succeeded in putting an end to the See also:

CIVIL

civil strife and in May following once more became president of the South African Republic—now for the first time a See also:

UNITED

united community. Conciliation was a marked feature of his See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and to Pretorius more than any other See also:

man was due the See also:

WELDING (i.e. the action of the verb " to weld," the same word as " to well," to boil or spring up, the history of the word being to boil, to heat to a high degree, to beat heated iron; according to Skeat, who points out that in Swedish the compound verb

welding of the Transvaal Boers into one nation. Pretorius shared the ideas of his father and the Emigrant Farmers generally concerning the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the state to indefinite expansion north, See also:

east and See also:

west. Although he had much difficulty in maintaining the authority of the republic over the natives within its recognized See also:

BORDERS, THE

borders, yet in April 1868, on the See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of See also:

gold discoveries at See also:

TATI

Tati, he issued a proclamation annexing to the Transvaal on the west the whole of Bechuanaland and on the east territory up to and including See also:

PART

part of Delagoa See also:

Bay. As to Delagoa Bay See also:

PORTUGAL

Portugal at once protested and in 1869 its right to the bay was acknowledged by Pretorius, who in the same year was re-elected president. The right of the Boers to the whole of Bechuanaland was not pressed by Pretorius in the See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of British op-position, but in 1870, when the See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of diamonds along the See also:

LOWER

lower Vaal had led to the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of many diggers' camps, an attempt was made to enforce the claims of the Transvaal to that district. Pretorius aroused the hostility of the diggers by granting an exclusive concession to one See also:

FIRM

firm. Realizing his See also:

MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, the concession was cancelled and in See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1870 he issued a proclamation notable as offering to the diggers very large See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of self-government.

Pretorius went to the western frontier and in repeated conferences with the See also:

BECHUANA

Bechuana chiefs attempted to get them to acknowledge the Boer contention and by joining the Transvaal to " See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save " their territory from the British. His See also:

DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy failed, and finally, without consulting his colleagues, he agreed to refer the question of the boundary to the See also:

arbitration of Mr R. W. See also:

KEATE, JOHN (1773—1852)

Keate, then See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-governor of Natal. The See also:

AWARD (from O. Fr. ewart, or esguart, cf. " reward ")

award, given on the 17th of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1871, was against the Boer claims. Pretorius loyally accepted the decision, but it aroused a See also:

storm of indignation in the Transvaal. The Volksraad refused to ratify the award and Pretorius resigned the presidency (November 1871). From this time Pretorius took little further part in public affairs until after the first See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of the state by Great Britain. In 1878 he acted as chairman of the See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of Boer leaders who were seeking the restoration of the independence of their See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and for his See also:

ACTION

action in that capacity he was arrested in January 188o by order of Sir See also:

Garnet See also:

WOLSELEY, GARNET JOSEPH WOLSELEY, VISCOUNT (1833- )

Wolseley on a See also:

charge of See also:

TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason. (See the See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

BLUE See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

Borne [C. 2584] of 188o for details of this charge.) He was admitted to See also:

BAIL

bail and shortly afterwards urged by Wolseley to accept a seat on the executive See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council. This offer Pretorius declined, but he consented to tour the country with a proclamation by Wolseley counselling the Boers to submit, and promising them self-government.

In December of the same year he was appointed, with Paul Kruger and P. See also:

Joubert, to carry on the government on the part of the insurgent Boers. He was one of the signatories to the Pretoria Convention and continued to See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as a member of the Triumvirate until the election of Kruger as president in May 1883. He then with-drew from public See also:

LIFE

life; but lived to see the country re-annexed to Great Britain, dying at Potchefstroom on the 19th of May 19oi. He is stated to have disapproved the later developments of Krugerism, and within four months of his death visited See also:

Louis See also:

BOTHA, LOUIS (1862- )

Botha and Schalk See also:

BURGER, GOTTFRIED AUGUST (1748-1794)

Burger, on behalf of See also:

Lord See also:

KITCHENER, HORATIO HERBERT KITCHENER, VISCOUNT (1850- )

Kitchener, with the object of bringing the war to an end. For the See also:

elder Pretorius see G. M. Theal, Compendium of the See also:

HISTORY

History and See also:

GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography of South Africa, 3rd ed. (See also:

LONDON

London, 1878), and History of South Africa, vol. iv. [1834-18541 (London, 1893). For the younger Pretorius see vol. v. of the same See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series.

End of Article: PRETORIUS

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