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See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
GREGORY IX . (Ugolino See also:Conti de Segni), See also:pope from the 19th of See also:March 1227, to the 22nd of See also:August 1241, was a nobleman of Anagni and probably a See also:nephew of See also:Innocent III. He studied
at See also:Paris and See also:Bologna, and,. having been successively See also:archpriest of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter's, papal See also:chaplain, See also:cardinal-See also:deacon of Sant' Eustachio, cardinal-See also:bishop of See also:Ostia, the first See also:protector of the Franciscan See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, and papal See also:legate in See also:Germany under Innocent III., and See also:Honorius III., he succeeded the latter in the papacy. He had See also:long been on friendly terms with the See also:emperor See also:Frederick II., but now excommunicated him (29th of See also:September 1227) for continued neglect of his vows and refusal to undertake the crusade. When Frederick finally set out the following See also:June without making submission to the pope, Gregory raised an insurrection against him in Germany, and forced him in 1230 to beg for See also:absolution. The See also:Romans, however, soon began a very See also:bitter See also:war against the temporal See also:power and exiled the pope (1st of June 1231). Hardly had this contest been brought to an end favourable to the papacy (May 1235) when Gregory came into fresh conflict with Frederick II. He again excommunicated the emperor and released his subjects from their See also:allegiance (24th of March 1239). Frederick, on his See also:side, invaded the Papal States and prevented the assembling of a See also:general See also:council convoked for See also:Easter 1241. The See also:work of Gregory, however, was by no means limited to his relations with emperor and Romans. He systematized the See also:Inquisition and entrusted it to the See also:Dominicans; his rules against heretics remained in force until the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of See also:Sixtus V. He supported See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. against the See also:English barons, and protested against the Pragmatic See also:Sanction of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis IX. of See also:France. He sent monks to See also:Constantinople to negotiate with the Greeks for See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church unity, but without result. He canonized See also:Saints See also:Elizabeth of Thuringia, See also:Dominic, See also:Anthony of See also:Padua and See also:Francis of See also:Assisi. He permitted See also:free study of the Aristotelian writings, and issued (1234), through his chaplain, See also:Raymond of Pennaforte, an important new compilation of See also:decretals which he prescribed in the See also:bull Rex pacificus should be the See also:standard See also:text-See also:book in See also:canon See also:law at the See also:universities of Bologna and Paris. Gregory was famed for his learning and eloquence, his blameless See also:life, and his See also:great strength of See also:character. He died on the 22nd of August 1241, while Frederick II. was advancing against him, and was succeeded by See also:Celestine IV.
For the life of Gregory IX., consult his Letters in Monumenta Germaniae historica, Epistolae saeculi XIII. e regestis pontif. See also:Roman. selectee (See also:Berlin, 1883) ; " See also:Les Registres de See also:Gregoire IX," ed. L. Auvray in Bibliotheque See also:des ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de See also:Rome (Paris, 1890—1905); A. See also:Potthast, Regesta pontif. Roman. (Berlin, 1875) and " Registri dei Cardinali Ugolino d' Ostia et Ottaviano degli Ubaldini," ed. G. See also:Levi in Fonti per la storia d' Italia (189o). See J. Felten, Papst Gregor IX. (See also:Freiburg i. B., 1886) ; J. See also:Marx, See also:Die Vita Gregorii IX. quellenkritisch untersucht (1889); P. Balan, Storia di Gregorio IX e dei suoi tempi (3 vols.,'See also:Modena, 1872—1873) ; F. See also:Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:Middle Ages, vol. 5, trans. by Mrs G. W. See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton (See also:London, 1900—1902); H. H. See also:Milman, Latin See also:Christianity, vol. 5 (London, 1899); R. Honig, Rapporti tra Federico II e Gregorio IX rispetto ally spedizione in Palestina (1896) ; P. T. Masetti, I Pontefici Onorio III, Gregorio IX ed Innocenzo IV a fronte dell' .Imperatore Federico II nel secolo XIII (1884); T. Frantz, Der See also:grosse Kampf zwischen Kaisertum u. Papsttum zur Zeit des See also:Hohenstaufen See also:Friedrich II. (Berlin, 19o3); W. See also:Norden, Das Papsttum u. Byzanz (Berlin, 1903). An exhaustive bibliography and an excellent See also:article on Gregory by Carl Mirbt are to be found in Hauck's Realencyklopddie, 3rd edition.
, GREGORY X. (Tebaldo See also:Visconti), pope from the 1st of September 1271, to the loth of See also:January 1276, was See also:born at See also:Piacenza in 1208, studied for the church, and became See also:archdeacon of See also:Liege. The eighteen cardinals who met to elect a successor to See also:Clement IV. were divided into See also:French and See also:Italian factions, which wrangled over the See also:election for nearly three years in the midst of great popular excitement, until finally, stirred by the eloquence of St See also:Bonaventura, the Franciscan See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk, they entrusted the choice to six See also:electors, who See also:hit on Visconti, at that time accompanying See also:Edward of See also:England on the crusade. He returned to Rome and was ordained See also:priest on the 19th of March 1272, and consecrated on the 27th. He at once summoned the fourteenth general council of the See also:Catholic Church, which met at See also:Lyons in 1274, with an attendance of some 1600 prelates, for the purpose of considering the eastern See also:schism, the See also:condition of the See also:Holy See also:Land, and the abuses in the church. The Greeks were persuaded, thanks to St Bonaventura, to consent to a See also:union with Rome for the time being, and See also:Rudolph of See also:Habsburg renounced at the
council all imperial rights in the States of the Church. The most celebrated among the many reform decrees issued by Gregory was the constitution determining for the first time the See also:form of See also:conclave at papal elections, which in large measure has remained ever since the law of the church. Gregory was on his way to Rome to See also:crown Rudolph and send him out on a great crusade in See also:company with the See also:kings of England, France, See also:Aragon and See also:Sicily, when he died at See also:Arezzo on the loth of January 1276. He was a nobleman, fond of See also:peace and actuated by the consciousness of a great See also:mission. He has been honoured as a See also:saint by the inhabitants of Arezzo and Piacenza. His successor in the papacy was Innocent V.
The registers of Gregory X. have been published by J. See also:Guiraud in the Bibliotheque des ecales francaises d'Athenes et de Rome (Paris, 1892—1898). See K. J. von See also:Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. 5, 2nd edition (1873—189o) ; H. Flake, Konzilienstudien z. Gesch. des z3ten Jahrhunderts (Miinster, 1891); P. Piacenza, Compendia della storia del b. Gregorio X, papa (Piacenza, 1876) ; F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 5, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1900—1902) ; II. See also:Otto, Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von Habsburgs zu Papst Gregor X. (See also:Innsbruck, 1895); A Zisterer, Gregor X. u. See also:Rudolf von Habsburg in ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen (Freiburg i. B., 1891) ; F. See also:Walter, Die Politik der Kline unter Gregor X. (Berlin , 1894) ; A. Potthast, Regesta pontif. Roman. vol. 2 (Berlin, 1875) ; W. Norden, Das Papsttum and Byzanz (Berlin, 1903) ; J. Loserth, Akten fiber die Wahl Gregors X." in Neues Archiv, xxi. (1895); A. von See also:Hirsch-Gereuth, " Die Kreuzzugspolitik Gregors X." in Studien z. Gesch. d. Kreuzzugsidee nach den Kreuzziigen (See also:Munich, 1896). There is an excellent article by Carl Mirbt in Hauck's Realencyklopadie, 3rd edition.
End of Article: GREGORY IX
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