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LOS ANDES

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 14 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LOS See also:

ANDES , a former See also:state of See also:Venezuela under the redivision of 1881, which covered the extreme western See also:part of the See also:republic N. of See also:Zamora and S. of Zulia. In the redivision of 1904 Los Andes was cut up into three states—See also:Merida .Tachira and See also:Trujillo. . LOS ANGELES, a See also:city and the See also:county-seat of Los Angeles county, in See also:southern See also:California, U.S.A., along the small Los Angeles See also:river, in the foothills of the See also:San See also:Gabriel Mountains; a narrow See also:strip, 18 m. See also:long, joins the See also:main part of the city to its See also:water front on the ocean, San Pedro See also:Bay. Pop. (188o) 11,183, (1890) 50,395, (1900) 102,479, of whom 19,964 were See also:foreign-See also:born; 3 the growth in See also:population since 1900 has been very rapid and in 1910 it was 319,198. The city had in 1910 an See also:area of 85•r sq. m., of which more than one-See also:half has been added since 189o. Los Angeles is served by the Southern Pacific, the See also:Atchison, See also:Topeka & See also:Santa Fe, and the San Pedro, Los Angeles & See also:Salt See also:Lake See also:railways; by steamers to San Francisco; and by five systems .of See also:urban and suburban electric railways, which have 300 M. of track within the city and 700 M. within a See also:radius of 30 M. beyond its limits. Inclined railways ascend Third See also:Street See also:Hill and See also:Court Street Hill, in the See also:heart of the city; and a See also:system of subways extends from the centre of the city to its western limits. The See also:harbour, San Pedro. Bay, originally open and naturally poor, has been greatly improved by the Federal See also:government; a See also:breakwater 9250 ft. long was begun in 1898 and the See also:bar has been deepened, and further improvements of the inner harbour at See also:Wilmington (which is nearly landlocked by a long narrow See also:island lying nearly See also:east and See also:west across its mouth) were begun in 1907. Important municipal docks have been built by the city. The situation of the city between the mountains and the See also:sea is attractive.

The site of the business See also:

district is level, and its See also:plan See also:regular; the suburbs are laid out on hills. Although not specifically a See also:health resort, Los Angeles enjoys a high ' They extend, however, to See also:Fiji, See also:Tahiti and Fanning Island. 2 Unless it be Oreopsittacus arfaki, of New See also:Guinea, remarkable as the only See also:parrot known as yet to have fourteen instead of twelve rectrices. 3 In addition to the large foreign-born population (4023 Germans, 3017 See also:English, 2683 English Canadians, 1885 See also:Chinese, 1720 Irish and smaller See also:numbers of See also:French, Mexicans, Swedes, Italians, Scots, Swiss, Austrians, Danes, French Canadians, Russians, Norwegians, Welsh and See also:Japanese) 26,105 of the native See also:white inhabitants were of foreign parentage (i.e. had one or both parents not native born), so that only 54,121 white persons were of native parentage. See also:German, French and See also:Italian weekly papers are published in Los Angeles. reputation for its See also:climate. From See also:July 1877 to 1908 (inclusive) the mean of the minima for See also:January, the coldest See also:month of the See also:year, was 44.16° F.; the mean of the minima for See also:August, the warmest month, was 6o•1° F.; and the difference of the mean temperature of the coldest and the warmest month was about 18° F.; while on five days only in this See also:period (and on no See also:day in the years 1904–1908) did the See also:official thermometer fall below 32° F. There are various See also:pleasure resorts in the mountains, and among seaside resorts are Santa Monica, Ocean See also:Park, See also:Venice, See also:Playa del Rey, Hermosa, Redondo, Terminal Island, Long See also:Beach, Alamitos Bay, See also:Huntington Beach, See also:Newport, See also:Balboa and See also:Corona del See also:Mar. There are excellent roads throughout the See also:country. Los Angeles has beautiful shade trees and a See also:wealth of semi-tropic vegetation. Its residential portions are characterized by detached homes set in ample and beautiful grounds. Towering See also:eucalyptus, graceful See also:pepper trees, tropic palms, See also:rubber trees, See also:giant bananas, yuccas and a wonderful growth of See also:roses, See also:heliotrope, calla lilies in hedges, See also:orange trees, See also:jasmine, giant geraniums and other See also:flowers beautify the city throughout the year.

There are 22 parks, with about 3800 acres within or on the See also:

borders of the city limits; among the parks are See also:Griffith (3015 acres), Elysian (532 acres), See also:Eastlake (57 acres), Westlake (35 acres) and See also:Echo (38 acres). The old See also:Spanish-Moorish See also:mission See also:architecture has considerably influenced See also:building styles. Among the important buildings are the Federal Building, the County Court See also:House, the City See also:Hall, a County Hall of Records, the Public Library with about 11o,000 volumes in 1908, the large Auditorium and See also:office buildings and the Woman's See also:Club. The exhibit in the Chamber of See also:Commerce Building illustrates the resources of southern California. Here also are the Coronel Collection, given in 1901 by Dona See also:Mariana, the widow of See also:Don See also:Antonio Coronel, and containing See also:relics of the Spanish and Mexican regime in California; and the See also:Palmer Collection of See also:Indian antiquities. In Los Angeles also are the collections of the Southwest Society (1904; for southern California, See also:Arizona and New See also:Mexico) of the Archaeological See also:Institute of See also:America. On the outskirts of the city, near Eastlake Park, is the Indian Crafts See also:Exhibition, which contains rare collections of aboriginal handiwork, and where See also:Indians may be seen making baskets, pottery and blankets. Of See also:interest to visitors is that part of the city called Sonora See also:Town,with its See also:adobe houses, Mexican quarters, old Plaza and the See also:Church of Our See also:Lady, See also:Queen of the Angels (first erected in 1822; rebuilt in 1861), which contains interesting paintings by See also:early Indian converts. Near Sonora Town is the district known as Chinatown. The See also:principal educational institutions are the University of Southern California (Methodist Episcopal, 188o), the Maclay See also:College of See also:Theology and a preparatory school; Occidental College (Presbyterian, 1887), St See also:Vincent's College (See also:Roman See also:Catholic, founded 1865; chartered 1869) and the Los Angeles State Normal School (1882). The economic interests of Los Angeles centre in the culture of fruits. The surrounding country is very fertile when irrigated, producing oranges, lemons, See also:figs and other semi-tropical fruits.

Thousands of artesian See also:

wells have been bored, the region between Los Angeles, Santa See also:Clara and San Bernardino being one of the most important artesian well regions of the See also:world. The city, which then got its water See also:supply from the Los Angeles river See also:bed, in 1907 authorized the issue of $23,000,000 See also:worth of 4% bonds for the construction of an See also:aqueduct 209 m. long, bringing water to the city from the See also:Owens river, in the. Sierra See also:Nevada Mountains. It was estimated that the project would furnish water for one million See also:people, beside supplying See also:power for See also:lighting, manufacturing and transportation purposes. All the water in excess of the city's actual needs may be employed for See also:irrigation. See also:Work on the aqueduct was begun in 1908, and it was to be completed in five years. From 1900 to 1905 the value of the factory products increased from $15,133,696 to $34,$14,475 or 13o%, and the See also:capital employed in manufactures from $10,045,095 to $28,181,418 or 180.5%. The leading manufacturing See also:industries in 1905: with the product-value of each in this year, were slaughtering and See also:meat-packing ($4,040,162), foundry and See also:machine See also:shop work ($3,146,914), See also:flour and grist milling ($2,798,740), See also:lumber manufacturing and planing ($2,519,081), See also:printing and See also:publishing (See also:newspapers and See also:periodicals, $2,097,339; and See also:book and See also:job printing, $1,278,841), See also:car construction and repairing ($1,549,836)—in 1910 there were railway shops here of the Southern Pacific, Pacific Electric, Los Angeles Street, Salt Lake and Santa Fe railways—and the manufacture of See also:confectionery ($953,915),See also:furniture ($879,910) and See also:malt liquors ($789,393). The See also:canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables are important industries. There is a large wholesale See also:trade with southern California, with Arizona and with the See also:gold-See also:fields of Nevada, with which Los Angeles is connected by railway. Los Angeles is a See also:port of entry, but its foreign commerce is relatively unimportant. The value of its imports increased from $721,705 in 1905 to $1,654,549 in 1907; in 1908 the value was $1,193,552.

The city's exports were valued at $45,000 in 1907 and at $306,439 in 1908. The coastwise trade is in lumber (about 700,000,000 ft. annually), shipped from See also:

northern California, See also:Oregon and See also:Washington, and in crude oil and See also:general merchandise. There are See also:rich oil-fields N. and W. of the city and wells throughout the city; See also:petroleum is largely employed as See also:fuel in factories. The central See also:field, the Second Street Park field in the city, was See also:developed between 1892 and 1895 and wells were drilled farther E. until in 1896 the eastern field was tapped with wells at Adobe and College streets; the wells within the city are gradually being abandoned. The western field and the western part of the central field were first worked in 1899–1900. The Salt Lake field, controlled by the Salt Lake Oil See also:Company, near Rancho de Brea, W.S.W. of the city, first became important in 1902 and in 1907 it was the most valuable field in California, S. of Santa See also:Barbara county, and the value of its product was $1,749,980. In 1905 the value of petroleum refined in Los Angeles was $461,281. See also:Land has not for many years been cheap (i.e. absolutely) in the southern Californian See also:fruit country, and See also:immigration has been, generally, of the comparatively well-to-do. This fact has greatly affected the See also:character and development of the city. The assessed valuation of See also:property increased more than threefold from 1900 to 1910, being $276,801,517 in the latter year, when the bonded city See also:debt was $17,259,312.50. Since 1896 there has been a strong See also:independent See also:movement in politics, marked by the organization of a See also:League for Better City Government (1896) and a Municipal League (1900), and by the organization of postal primaries to secure the co-operation of See also:electors pledged to independent voting. Since 1904 the public school system has been administered by a non-See also:partisan See also:Board of See also:Education chosen from the city at large, and not by wards as theretofore.

Los Angeles, like all other Californian cities, has the See also:

privilege of making and amending its own See also:charter, subject to the approval of the state legislature. In 1902 thirteen amendments were adopted, including provisions for the initiative, the See also:referendum and the recall. The last of these provides that 25% of the voters choosing a municipal officer may, by See also:signing a See also:petition for his recall, force a new See also:election during his See also:term of office and thereby remove him if another See also:candidate receives a greater number of votes. This See also:provision, introducing an entirely new principle into the See also:American governmental system, came into effect in January 1903, and was employed in the following year when a previously elected councilman who was ." recalled " by petition and was unsuccessful in the 1904 election brought suit to hold his office, and on a See also:mere technicality the Supreme Court of the state declared the recall election invalid. In 1909 there was a recall election at which a See also:mayor was removed and another chosen in his See also:place. The See also:Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de Ios Angeles was founded in 1781. The Franciscan mission of San Gabriel—still a famous landmark—had been established ten years earlier a few See also:miles eastward. Beginning about 1827, Los Angeles, being the largest pueblo of the territory, became a See also:rival of See also:Monterey for the See also:honour of being the capital of California, was the seat of conspiracies to overthrow the Mexican authority, and the stronghold of the See also:South California party in the bickerings and struggles that lasted down to the American occupation. In 1835 it was made a city by the Mexican See also:Congress, and declared the capital, but the last provision was not enforced and was soon recalled. In 1836–1838 it was the headquarters of C. A. Carrillo, a legally-named but never de facto See also:governor of California, whose See also:jurisdiction was never recognized in the See also:north; and in 1845–1847 it was the actual capital.

The city was See also:

rent by factional quarrels when See also:war See also:broke out between Mexico and the See also:United States, but the See also:appearance of United States troops under See also:Commodore See also:Robert F. See also:Stockton and General See also:John C. See also:Fremont before Los Angeles caused both factions to unite against a See also:common foe. The defenders of Los Angeles fled at the approach of the troops, and on the 13th of August 1846 the American See also:flag was raised over the city. A See also:garrison of fifty men, See also:left in See also:control, was compelled in See also:October to withdraw on See also:account of a revolt of the inhabitants, and Los Angeles was not retaken until General See also:Philip See also:Kearny and Commodore Stockton entered the city on the 18th of January 1847. This was the only important overt resistance to the See also:establishment of the new regime in California. The city was chartered in 185o. It continued to grow steadily thereafter until it attained railway connexion with the Central Pacific and San Francisco in 1876, and with the East by the Santa Fe system in 1885. The completion of the latter See also:line precipitated one of the most extraordinary of American railway See also:wars and land booms, which resulted in giving southern California a See also:great stimulus. The growth of the city since 1890 has been even more remarkable. In 1909 the township of Wilmington (pop. in 1900, 2983), including the city of San Pedro (pop. in 1900, 1787), Colegrove, a suburb W.N.W. of the city, Cahuenga (pop. in 1900, 1586), a township N.W. of the former city limits, and a part of Los Feliz were annexed to the city.

End of Article: LOS ANDES

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