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section of its supporters led by M'Culloch and the opposition proper under Heales, and M'Culloch became premier and chief secretary. Hitherto he had been regarded as a supporter of the landed, squatting and importing interests, but the See also:

COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition ministry introduced a number of measures which at the See also:

time were regarded by the propertied classes in the See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony as revolutionary. In addition to passing a See also:

LAND

Land See also:

BILL

Bill, which extended the principle of See also:

FREE

free selection and deferred payments, the ministry announced their intention of reducing the duties on the export of See also:

gold and the import duties upon See also:

TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea and See also:

SUGAR

sugar, and of supplying the deficiency by the See also:

IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition of duties ranging from 5 to 1o% upon a number of articles which entered into competition with the See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries, thus introducing See also:

PROTECTION

protection. The See also:

MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile community took alarm at the proposal, and at the See also:

general See also:

election of 1864 the ministerial policy was warmly opposed. But a See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority was returned in its favour, and a new See also:

TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff was carried through the popular branch of the legislature. There was no See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of its being assented to by the Council, which, under the constitution, had the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of rejecting, although it could not amend, any See also:

MONEY

money Bill. The See also:

government therefore decided upon tacking the tariff to the See also:

APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

Appropriation Bill, and compelling the Council either to agree to the new fiscal proposals or to refuse to pay the public creditors and the See also:

CIVIL

civil servants. The Council accepted the See also:

CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge, and rejected the Appropriation Bill.

But M'Culloch and his colleagues would not give way. They continued to collect the new duties under the authority of the Assembly, and took See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage of a clause in the See also:

AUDIT

Audit Act which directed the See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor to sign the necessary warrants for the See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of any sum awarded by verdicts in the supreme court in favour of persons who had sued the government. M'Culloch borrowed £40,000 from the See also:

LONDON

London Chartered Bank, of which he was a director, to meet pressing payments, and the bank at his instigation sued the government for the amount of the advance. The See also:

ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-general at once accepted See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment, and the governor, who had placed himself unreservedly in the hands of his ministers, signed the necessary See also:

WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant, and the Treasury repaid to the bank the amount of its advance, plus See also:

INTEREST

interest and See also:

COSTS

costs. In the next session the tariff was again sent up to the Council, which promptly rejected it, whereupon the ministry dissolved the assembly and appealed to the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country. The result of the general election was to increase M`Culloch's majority, and the tariff was again sent to the Council, only to be again rejected. M'Culloch resigned, but no member of the opposition was willing to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a ministry, and he resumed office. Eventually a See also:

CONFERENCE

conference between the two houses was held, and the Council passed the tariff, after a few modifications in it had been agreed to by the Assembly. Just at the moment that See also:

peace was restored, the governor, Sir See also:

Charles See also:

Darling, was recalled by the home government, on the ground that he had displayed partisanship by assisting M'Culloch's government and their majority in the Assembly to coerce the Council. In See also:

order to show their gratitude to the dismissed governor, the Assembly decided to See also:

grant a sum of £20,000 to See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Darling. The home government intimated that Sir Charles Darling must retire from the Colonial service if this See also:

GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift were accepted by his wife, but M'Culloch included the money in the annual Appropriation Bill, with the result that it was rejected by the Council. The new governor, See also:

VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

Canterbury, was less complaisant than his predecessor, but after an unsuccessful See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to obtain other advisers, he agreed to recommend the Council to pass the Appropriation Bill with the £20,000 grant included.

The Upper House declined to adopt this course, and again rejected the Bill. A See also:

long and See also:

BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter struggle between the two See also:

Chambers ended in another general election in 1868, which still further increased the ministerial majority; but See also:

Lord Canterbury, in obedience to instructions from the colonial office, declined to do anything to facilitate the passage of the Darling grant. M'Culloch resigned, and after protracted negotiations Sir Charles Sladen formed from the minority in the Assembly a ministry which only lasted two months. The deadlock seemed likely to become more stringent than ever, when a communication was received from Sir Charles Darling, that neither he nor his wife could receive anything like a donation from the See also:

PEOPLE

people of Victoria. The attempt to pass the grant was therefore abandoned, and in See also:

JULY

July 1868 M'Culloch resumed office with different colleagues, but resigned in the following See also:

YEAR

year, when he was knighted. He formed a third ministry in 1870. During this third administration he passed a measure through both Houses which secured a life See also:

ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity of £1000 per annum to Lady Darling. Additional See also:

taxation being necessary, Sir James M'Culloch was urged by his protectionist supporters to increase the import duties, but he refused, and proposed to provide for the deficit by levying a tax upon See also:

TOWN

town, suburban and country See also:

PROPERTY

property. This proposal was defeated in the Assembly; Sir James resigned in June 1871, and was appointed See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent-general for Victoria in London. He held that See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment till 1873, was created K.C.M.G. in 1874, returned to the colony the same year, and in 1875 formed his See also:

FOURTH

fourth and last ministry, which kept power till May 1877, when his party was defeated at the general election. During his eighteen months of office he had to encounter a persistent opposition from See also:

Berry and his followers, who systematically obstructed the business of the Assembly, on the ground that the acfing-governor, Sir See also:

William See also:

Stawell, had improperly refused a See also:

DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution. Sir.

James M'Culloch, to counteract this obstruction, invented the See also:

CLOSURE (Fr. clooture)

closure, which was afterwards introduced with some modifications into the house of See also:

COMMONS

commons. After' his defeat in 1877 Sir James retired from public life and returned to England, where he died on the 3oth of See also:

JANUARY

January 1893 at See also:

EWELL, RICHARD STODDERT (1817-1872)

Ewell, See also:

Surrey. He was twice married—first, in 1841, to Susan, daughter of the Rev. James See also:

RENWICK, JAMES (1662–1688)

Renwick, of Muirton, See also:

Scotland; secondly, in 1867, to See also:

Margaret, daughter of William See also:

Inglis, of Walflat, See also:

DUMBARTONSHIRE

Dumbartonshire. He See also:

LEFT

left the house of Dennistoun Brothers in 1862, and founded a new firm at Melbourne in See also:

CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with Leishman, Inglis & Co. of London, under the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of M'Culloch, Sellars & Co. He held several important commercial positions, and was president of the Melbourne Chamber of See also:

Commerce. (G. C.

End of Article: MACULLOCH, HUGH (1808-1895)

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