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people. The outline of these muscles is interrupted by three or more transverse depressions indicating the lineae transversae in the recti; there is usually one about the ensiform cartilage, one at the umbilicus, and one between; sometimes a fourth is See also:

PRESENT

present below the umbilicus. The upper lateral limit of the abdomen is the sub-costal margin formed by the cartilages of the false ribs (8, 9, ro) joining one another; the lower lateral limit is the anterior part of the See also:

crest of the ilium and Poupart's See also:

LIGAMENT (Lat. ligamentum, from ligare, to bind)

ligament running from the anterior See also:

SUPERIOR

superior spine of the ilium to the spine of the pubis (see fig. r, 5); these lower limits are marked by definite grooves.

Just above the pubic spine is the external abdominal See also:

RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, an opening in the muscular wall of the abdomen for the spermatic See also:

CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord to emerge in the male. The most See also:

MODERN

modern method of marking out the abdominal contents is to draw three See also:

HORIZONTAL

horizontal and two See also:

VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical lines; the highest of the former is the transpyloric line of C. See also:

ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719)

Addison (fig. i, T.P.), which is situated half-way between the suprasternal notch and the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the symphysis pubis; it often cuts the pyloric opening of the stomach an inch to the right of the mid-line. The hilum of each See also:

KIDNEY

kidney is a little below it, while its left end approximately touches the lower limit of the See also:

SPLEEN (Gr. o-1rXilv)

spleen. It corresponds to the first lumbar vertebra behind. The second line is the subcostal (fig. r, S.C.), drawn from the lowest point of the subcostal See also:

arch (tenth rib); it corresponds to the upper part of the third lumbar vertebra, and is an inch or so above the umbilicus; it indicates roughly the transverse See also:

colon, the lower ends of the kidneys, and the upper limit of the trans-See also:

VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse (3rd) part of the duodenum. The third line is called the intertubercular (fig. r, I.T.), and runs across between the two rough tubercles,which can be felt on the See also:

OUTER

outer See also:

LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip of the crest of the ilium about two and a half inches from the anterior superior spine. This line corresponds to the See also:

BODY

body of the fifth lumbar vertebra, and passes through or just above the ileo-caecal See also:

VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve where the small See also:

INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine joins the large. The two vertical or mid-Poupart lines are drawn from the point midway between the anterior superior spine and the pubic symphysis on each side vertically upward to the costal margin. The right one is the most valuable, as the ileo-caecal valve is situated where it cuts the intertubercular line, while the orifice of the vermiform appendix is an inch lower down. At its upper part it meets the transpyloric line at the lower margin of the ribs, usually the ninth, and here the See also:

gall-See also:

BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder is situated. The left mid-Poupart line corresponds in its upper three-quarters to the inner edge of the descending colon.

The right subcostal margin corresponds to the lower941 limit of the See also:

LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver, while the right nipple is about half an inch above the upper limit of this viscus. The Back.—There is a well-marked furrow stretching all the way down the middle line of the back from the external occipital protuberance to the cleft of the buttocks. In this the spinous processes of the vertebrae can be felt, especially if the See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model See also:

BEND

bend forward. The cervical spines are difficult to feel, except the seventh and sometimes the second, and although the former is called the vertebra prominens, its spine is less easily felt than is that of the first thoracic. In practice it is not very easy to identify any one spine with certainty: one method is to start from the prominent first thoracic and to See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count down; another is to join the lower angles of the two scapulae (fig. 2, y) when the arms are See also:

HANGING

hanging down, and to take the spine through which the line passes as the seventh. The See also:

SPINAL

spinal furrow is caused by the prominence of the erector spinae muscles on each side; these become less well marked as they run upward. The outlines of the scapulae can be well seen; they See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the ribs from the second to the seventh inclusive. The scapular spine is quite subcutaneous, and can be followed upward and outward from the level of the third thoracic spine to the acromion, and so to the outer end of the clavicle. On the lower margin of the acromion is a little tubercle known as the metacromial See also:

PROCESS

process or acromial angle, which is very useful for taking measurements from. The tip of the twelfth rib may usually be felt about two inches above the middle of the iliac crest, but this rib is very variable in length. The highest point of the iliac crest corresponds to the fourth lumbar spine, while the posterior superior iliac spine is on a level with the second sacral vertebra.

This posterior superior spine is not easily felt, owing to the ligaments attached to it, but there is usually a little dimple in the skin over it (fig. 2, (3). By See also:

DRAWING

drawing horizontal lines through the 1st, 3rd and 5th lumbar spines, the transpyloric, subcostal and intertubercular lines or planes may be reproduced behind and the same viscera localized. The See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

Arm.—Running downward and outward from the inner half of the clavicle, where that See also:

bone is See also:

CONVEX

convex forward, is the clavicular part of the See also:

PECTORALIS

pectoralis See also:

major, while from the outer third of the bone, where it is See also:

CONCAVE

concave forward, is the clavicular part of the deltoid; between these two muscles is an elongated triangular See also:

gap with its See also:

BASE

base at the clavicle, and here the skin is somewhat depressed, while the cephalic vein sinks between the two muscles to join the axillary vein. The tip of the coracoid process is situated just under cover of the inner edge of the deltoid, one inch below the junction between the outer and middle thirds of the clavicle. The deltoid muscle (fig. 1,0) forms the prominence of the shoulder, and its convex outline is due to the presence of the head of the humerus deep to it; when this is dislocated the shoulder becomes flattened. The pectoralis major forms the anterior See also:

FOLD

fold of the axilla or armpit, the posterior being formed by the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles. The skin of the See also:

FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of this space is covered with See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair in the adult, and contains many large sweat glands. The axillary vessels and brachial plexus of nerves See also:

lie in the outer wall, while on the inner wall are the serrations of the serratus See also:

MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

magnus muscle, the outlines of some of which are seen on the side of the thorax, through the skin, when the arm is raised (fig. r, a). Below the edge of the pectoralis major, the swelling of the biceps (fig. r, y) begins to be visible, and this can easily be traced into its tendon of insertion, which reaches below the level of the See also:

ELBOW

elbow See also:

JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint. On each side of the biceps is the external and See also:

INTERNAL

internal bicipital furrow, in the latter of which the brachial artery may be felt and compressed.

The median See also:

NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve is here in See also:

close relation to the artery. At the bend of the elbow the two condyles of the humerus may be felt; the inner one projects beneath the skin, but the outer one is obscured by the rounded outline of the brachio-radialis muscle. The superficial See also:

VEINS

veins at the bend of the elbow are very conspicuous; they vary a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

DEAL

deal, but the typical arrangement is an M, of which the radial and ulnar veins See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the uprights, while the outer oblique See also:

bar is the median cephalic and the inner oblique the median basilic vein. At the divergence of these two the median vein comes up from the front of the forearm, while the two vertical limbs are continued up the arm as the cephalic and basilic, the former on the outer side, the latter on the inner. On the back of the arm the three heads of the triceps are distinguishable, the external forming a marked oblique swelling when the forearm is forcibly extended and internally rotated (fig. 2, S). In the upper part of the front of the forearm the antecubital fossa or triangle is seen; its outer boundary is the brachio-radialis, its inner the pronator radii teres, and where these two join below is the apex. In this space are three vertical structures—externally the tendon of the biceps, just internal to this the brachial artery, and still more internally the median nerve. Coming from the inner side of the biceps tendon the semi-lunar See also:

FASCIA (Latin for a bandage or fillet)

fascia may be felt; it passes deep to the median basilic vein and superficial to the brachial artery, and in former days was a valuable See also:

PROTECTION

protection to the artery when unskilful operators were bleeding from the median basilic vein. About the middle of the forearm the fleshy parts of the superficial flexor muscles cease, and only the tendons remain, so that the See also:

LIMB

limb narrows rapidly. In front of the See also:

WRIST

wrist there is a superficial plexus of veins, while deep to this two tendons can usually be made to start up if the wrist be forcibly flexed; the outer of these is the flexor See also:

carpi radialis, which is the physician's See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide to the radial artery where the See also:

PULSE

pulse is felt. If the See also:

FINGER

finger is slipped to the outer side of this tendon, the artery, which here is very superficial, can be felt beating.

The inner of the two tendons is the palmaris See also:

LONGUS

longus, though it is not always present. On cutting down between these two the median nerve is reached. The wrist joint may be marked out by feeling the styloid process of the See also:

RADIUS

radius on the outer side, and the styloid process of the ulna on the inner side behind, and joining these two by a line convex upward. The superficial See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the See also:

palm of the See also:

hand is described in the See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on See also:

PALMISTRY, (from " palmist," one who studies the palm, and the Teutonic affix ry signifying " art "; also called CHIROMANCY, from xeip, the hand, and ,uavreia, divination)

PALMISTRY; with regard to anatomical landmarks the superficial palmar arterial arch is situated in the line of the abducted thumb, while the deep arch is an inch nearer the wrist. The digital nerves correspond to lines drawn from the clefts of the fingers toward the wrist. On the back of the forearm the olecranon process of the ulna is quite subcutaneous, and during See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the elbow is in a line with the two condyles, while between it and the inner condyle lies the ulnar nerve, here known popularly as the " funny bone." From the olecranon process the finger may be run down the posterior border of the ulna, which is subcutaneous as far as the styloid process at the lower end. On the dorsum of the hand is a plexus of veins, deep to which the extensor tendons are seen on extending the fingers. When the thumb is extended, two tendons stand out very prominently, and enclose a triangular space between them which is sometimes known as the "anatomical See also:

SNUFF (from " to snuff, " i.e. to inhale, to draw in through the nose; cf. Dutch snuf, scent, Ger. Schnupfen, a cold, catarrh, and Eng. " snuffle, " " sniff, " &c.)

snuff See also:

box "; the outer of these is the tendon of the extensor brevis, the inner of the extensor longus pollicis. Situated deeply in the space is the radial artery, covered by the radial vein. On the dorsum of the hand there is a plexus of veins, and deep to these the tendons of the extensor longus digitorum stand out when the wrist and fingers are extended. The See also:

Leg.—Just below Poupart's ligament (fig. 1, S), a triangular depression with its apex downward may be seen in muscular subjects; it corresponds to Scarpa's triangle, and its inner border is the tendon of the adductor longus, which is easily felt if the model forcibly adducts the thigh.

In this triangle the superficial inguinal glands may be made out. The head of the femur lies just below the centre of Poupart's ligament. The sartorius muscle forms the outer boundary of the triangle, and may be traced from the anterior superior spine obliquely down-See also:

ward and inward, across the front of the thigh, to the inner side of the See also:

KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee. The two vasti muscles are well marked, the internal being the lower and forming with the sartorius the rounded bulging above the inner side of the knee. The internal saphenous vein runs superficially up the inner side of the thigh from behind the internal condyle to the femur to the saphenous opening in the deep fascia, the top of which is an inch horizontally outward from the spine of the pubis. On the other side of the thigh , d groove runs down which corresponds to the ilio-tibial See also:

BAND

band, a thickening of the fascia lata or deep fascia; the lower end ofthis leads to the head of the fibula. On the front of the thigh, below the sartorius, the rectus muscle makes a prominence which leads down to the patella, the outlines of which bone are very evident (fig. 1, e). The only part of the femur besides the great trochanter which is superficial is the lower end, and this forms the two condyles for See also:

ARTICULATION (from Lat. articulare, to divide into joints)

articulation with the See also:

TIBIA

tibia. If the posterior part of the inner condyle be joined to the mid-point between the anterior superior spine and the symphysis pubis, when the thigh is externally rotated, the line will correspond in its upper two-thirds to that of the See also:

COMMON

common and superficial femoral See also:

ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries, the former occupying the upper inch and a half. The common femoral vein lies just internal to its artery, while the anterior crural nerve is a See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of an inch external to the latter. The rounded See also:

mass of the buttock is formed by the gluteus See also:

maximus muscle covered by See also:

FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat; the lower horizontal boundary is called the fold of the nates, and does not correspond exactly to the lower edge of the muscle.

At the side of the buttock is a depression (fig. 2, e) where the great trochanter of the femur can be felt; a line, named after Nelaton, drawn from the anterior superior spine to the tuberosity of the ischium, passes through the top of this. On the back of the thigh the hamstrings form a distinct swelling; below the middle these See also:

SEPARATE

separate to enclose the See also:

DIAMOND

diamond-shaped popliteal space (fig. 2, ), the outer See also:

ham-strings or biceps being specially evident, while, on the inner side, the tendons of the semi-tendinosus and semi-membranosus can be distinguished. The external popliteal nerve may be felt just behind the biceps tendon above the head of the fibula. On the front of the leg, below the knee, the ligamentum patellae is evident, leading down from the patella (fig. 1, e) to the tubercle of the tibia. From this point downward the anterior border of the tibia or shin is subcutaneous, as is also the internal See also:

SURFACE

surface of the tibia. Internal to the skin is the fleshy mass made by the tibialis anticus and extensor longus digitorum muscles. At the inner side of the See also:

ANKLE

ankle the internal malleolus is subcutaneous, while on the outer side the tip of the external malleolus is rather lower and farther back. Both this malleolus and the lower quarter of the See also:

shaft of the fibula are subcutaneous, and this See also:

AREA

area, if traced upward, is continuous with a furrow on the outer side of the leg which separates the anterior tibial from the peroneal See also:

groups of muscles, and eventually leads to the subcutaneous head of the fibula. At the back of the leg the two heads of the gastrocnemius form the See also:

calf, the inner one (fig.

2, 77) being larger than the outer. Between the two, in the mid-line of the calf, the external saphenous vein and nerve lie, while lower down they pass behind the external malleolus to the outer side of the See also:

FOOT

foot. The internal saphenous vein and nerve lie just behind the internal border of the tibia, and below pass in front of the internal malleolus. At the level of the ankle-joint the tibialis posticus and flexor longus digitorum tendons lie just behind the internal malleolus, while the peroneus longus and brevis are behind the external. Running down to the See also:

HEEL

heel is the tendo Achillis with the plantaris on its inner side. On the dorsum of the foot the musculo-cutaneous nerve may be seen through the skin in thin people when the toes are depressed; it runs from the anterior peroneal furrow, already described, to all the toes, except the cleft between the two inner ones. There is also a venous arch to be seen, the two extremities of which pass respectively into the external and internal saphenous veins. The See also:

long See also:

AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the great toe, even in races unaccustomed to boots, runs forward and outward, away from the mid-line between the two feet, so that perfectly straight inner sides to boots are not really anatomical. The second toe in classical statues is often longer than the first, but this is seldom seen in Englishmen. On the outer side of the See also:

SOLE (Solea)

sole the skin is often in contact with the ground all along, but on the inner side the arch is more marked, and, except in See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-footed people, there is an area in which the sole does not See also:

TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch the ground at all. For further details of surface See also:

anatomy see Anatomy for See also:

Art Students, by A. See also:

Thomson (See also:

Oxford,.

1896) ; Harold See also:

STILES, EZRA (1727–1795)

Stiles's article in See also:

Cunningham's See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text-See also:

BOOK

Book of Anatomy (See also:

Young J. Pentland, 1902) ; G. Thane and R. Godlee's Appendix to See also:

QUAIN, SIR RICHARD, BART

Quain's Anatomy (See also:

LONGMANS

Longmans, See also:

Green & Co., 1896); Surface Anatomy, by B. Windle and See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners See also:

Smith (H. K. See also:

Lewis, 1896) ; Landmarks and Surface Markings of the Human Body, by L. B. Rawling (H. K. Lewis, 1906); Surface Anatomy, by T. G.

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