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See also:DAUNOU, See also:PIERRE See also:CLAUDE See also:FRANCOIS (1761-1840) , See also:French statesman and historian, was See also:born at See also:Boulogne-sur-Mer, and after a brilliant career in the school of the Oratorians there, joined the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order in See also:Paris in 1777. He was See also:professor in various seminaries from 1780 till 1787, when he was ordained See also:priest. He was already known in See also:literary circles by several essays and poems, when the revolution opened a wider career. He threw himself with ardour into the struggle for See also:liberty, and refused to be
DAUNOU
silenced in his advocacy of the See also:civil constitution of the See also:clergy by the offer of high See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. Elected to the Conventionby Pas-le-See also:Calais, he associated himself with the See also:Girondists, but strongly opposed the See also:death See also:sentence on the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king. He took little See also:part in the struggle against the See also:Mountain, but was involved in the overthrow of his See also:friends, and was imprisoned for a See also:year. In See also:December 1794 he returned to the See also:Convention, and was the See also:principal author of the constitution of the year III. It seems to have been due to his Girondist ideas that the Ancients were given the right of convoking the See also:corps legislatif outside Paris, an expedient which made possible See also:Napoleon's coup d'etat of the 18th and 19th See also:Brumaire. The creation of the See also:Institute was also due to Daunou, who See also:drew up the See also:plan for its organization. His See also:energy was largely responsible for the suppression of the royalist insurrection of the 13th Vendemiaire, and the important See also:place he occupied at the beginning of the See also:Directory is indicated by the fact that he was elected by twenty-seven departments as member of the See also:Council of Five See also:Hundred, and became its first See also:president. He had himself set the See also:age qualification of the See also:directors at See also:forty, and thus debarred himself as See also:candidate, as he was only See also:thirty-four. The direction of affairs having passed into the hands of Talleyrand and his associates, Daunou turned once more to literature, but in 1798 he was sent to See also:Rome to organize the See also:republic there, and again, almost against his will, he See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
lent his aid to Napoleon in the preparation of the constitution of the year VIII. His attitude towards Napoleon was not lacking in See also:independence, but in this controversy with the See also:pope, the See also:emperor was able again to secure from him the learned See also:treatise Sur la puissance temporelle du Pape (1809). Still he took little part in the new regime, with which at See also:heart he had no sympathy, and turned more and more to literature. At the Restoration he was deprived of the See also:post of archivist of the See also:empire, which he had held from 1807, but from 1819 to 1830 (when he again became archivist of the See also:kingdom) he held the See also:chair of See also:history and See also:ethics at the See also:College de See also:France, and his courses were among the most famous of that age of public lectures. During the reign of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Philippe he received many honours. In 1839 he was made a peer. He died in 1840.
In politics Daunou was a Girondist without combativeness; a confirmed republican, who lent himself always to the policy of conciliation, but whose probity remained unchallenged. He belonged essentially to the centre, and lacked both the See also:genius and the temperament which would secure for him a commanding place in a revolutionary era. As an historian his breadth of view is remarkable for his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time; for although thoroughly imbued with the classical spirit of the 18th See also:century, he was able to do See also:justice to the See also:middle ages. His Discours sur l'etat See also:des lettres au XIII siecle, in the sixteenth See also:volume of the Histoire litteraire de France, is a remarkable contribution to that vast collection, especially as coming from an author so profoundly learned in the See also:ancient See also:classics. Daunou's lectures at the College de France, collected and published after his death, fill twenty volumes (Coors d'etudes historiques, 1842-1846). They treat principally of the See also:criticism of See also:sources and the proper method of See also:writing history, and occupy an important place in the See also:evolution of the scientific study of history in France. All his See also:works were written in the most elegant See also:style and chaste diction; but apart from his See also:share in the editing of the Historiens de la France, they were mostly in the See also:form of See also:separate articles on literary and See also:historical subjects. Personally Daunou was reserved and somewhat austere, preserving in his habits a See also:strange mixture of See also:bourgeois and See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk. His indefatigable See also:work as archivist in the time when Napoleon was
transferring so many treasures to Paris is not his least claim to the gratitude of scholars.
See See also:Mignet, See also:Notice historique sur la See also:vie et See also:les travaux de Daunou (Paris, 1843); See also:Taillandier, Documents bibliographiques sur Daunou (Paris, 1847), including a full See also:list of his works; Sainte-Beuve, Daunou in his Portraits Contemporains, t. iii. (unfavourable and somewhat unfair).
' DAUPHIN (See also:Lat. See also:Delphinus), an ancient feudal See also:title in France, See also:borne only by the See also:counts and dauphins of See also:Vienne, the dauphins of See also:Auvergne, and from 1364 by the eldest sons of the See also:kings of
France. The origin of this curious title is obscure and has been the subject of much ingenious controversy; but it now seems clear that it was in the first instance a proper name. Among the Norse-men, and in the countries colonized by them, the name See also:Dolphin or Dolfin (dolfr, " a See also:wound ") was fairly See also:common, e.g. in the See also:north of See also:England; thus a Dolfin is mentioned among the tenantsin-See also:chief in Domesday See also:Book, and there was a Dolphin, See also:lord of See also:Carlisle, towards, the end of the See also:firth century. It has thus been conjectured by some that the dauphins of Vienne derived their title from See also:Teutonic sources through See also:Germany. But in the See also:south, too, the name—not necessarily derived from the same root—was not unknown, though exceedingly rare, and was moreover illustrated by two conspicuous figures in the See also:Catholic See also:martyrology: St Delphinus, See also:bishop of See also:Bordeaux from 38o to 404, and St Annemundus, surnamed Dalfinus, bishop of See also:Lyons from c. 650 to 657.
Whatever its origin, this name was borne by Guigo, or Guigue IV. (d. 1142),See also:count of Albon and See also:Grenoble, as an additional name, during the lifetime of his See also:father, and was also adopted by his son Guigue V. See also:Beatrice, daughter and heiress of Guigue V., whose second See also:husband was See also:Hugh III., See also:duke of See also:Burgundy, bestowed the name on their son See also:Andre, to recall his descent from the ancient See also:house of the counts of Albon, and in the charters he is called sometimes Andreas Dalphinus, sometimes Dalphinus simply, but his style is still " count of Albon and Vienne." His successors Guigue VI. (d. 1270) and See also:John I. (d. 1282) See also:call themselves sometimes Delphinus, sometimes Delphini, the name being obviously treated as a patronymic, and in the latter form it was borne by the sons of the reigning " dauphin." But even under Guigue VI. foreigners had begun to confuse the name with a title of dignity, an imperial diploma of 1248 describing Guigue as " Guigo Dalphinus Viennensis."
It was not until the third See also:dynasty, founded by the See also:marriage of See also:Anne, heiress of John I., with See also:Humbert, lord of La Tour du See also:Pin, that " dauphin " became definitely established as a title. Humbert not only assumed the name of Delphinus, but styled himself regularly Dauphin of the Viennois (Dalphinus Viennensis), and in a treaty concluded in 1285 between Humbert and See also:Robert, duke of Burgundy, the word delphinatus (See also:Dauphine) appears for the first time, as a synonym for comitatus (See also:county). In 1349 Humbert II., the last of his See also:race, sold Dauphine to See also:Charles of See also:Valois, who, when he became king of France in 1364, transferred it to his eldest son. From that time the eldest sons of the kings of France were always either actual or titular dauphins of the Viennois. The " canting arms " of a dolphin, which they quartered with the royal fleurs de lys, were originally assumed by Dauphin, count of Clermont, instead of the arms of Auvergne (the earliest extant example is appended to a See also:deed of 1199), and from him they were borrowed by the counts of the Viennois. Guigue VI. used this See also:device on his See also:secret See also:seal from his See also:accession, the earliest extant example dating from 1237, but, though no specimens have survived, M. Prudhomme thinks it probable that the dolphin was also borne by Andre Dauphin. It was also assumed by Guigue V., count of Forez (1203-1241), a descendant of Guigue See also:Raymond of the Viennois, count of Forez, in right of his wife See also:Ida Raymonde. It is thus abundantly clear that the name of Dauphin was not assumed from the armorial device, but See also:vice versa.
The eldest son of the French king was sometimes called " the king dauphin " (le See also:roy daulphin), to distinguish him from the dauphin of Auvergne,who was known,since Auvergne became an See also:appanage of the royal house, as " the See also:prince dauphin." The dauphinate of Auvergne, which is to be distinguished from the county, See also:dates from 1155, when See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William VII., count of Auvergne, was deposed by his See also:uncle William VIII. " the Old." William VII. had married a daughter of Guigue IV. Dauphin, after whom their son was named Dauphin (Delphinus). The name continued, as in Viennois, as a patronymic, and was not used as a title until 1281, when Robert II., count of Clermont, in his will, styles himself for the first time Dauphin of Auvergne (Alvernie delphinus) for the portion of the county of Auvergne See also:left to his house. In 1428 Jeanne, heiress of the dauphin Beraud III., married Louis de See also:Bourbon, count of See also:Montpensier (d. 1486), thus bringing the
dauphinate into the royal house of France. It was annexed to the See also:crown in 1693.
See A. Prudhomme, " De l'origine et du See also:sens des mots dauphin et dauphine " in Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes, liv. an. 1893 (Paris, 1893).
End of Article: DAUNOU, PIERRE CLAUDE FRANCOIS (1761-1840)
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