|
See also:INDEX LIBRORUM PROHIBITORUM , the See also:title of the See also:official See also:list of those books which on doctrinal or moral grounds the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church authoritatively forbids the members of her communion to read or to possess, irrespective of See also:works forbidden by the See also:general rules on the subject. Most governments, whether See also:civil or ecclesiastical, have at all times in one way or another acted on the general principle that some See also:control may and ought to be exercised over the literature circulated among those under their See also:jurisdiction. If we set aside the heretical books condemned by the See also:early See also:councils, the earliest known instance of a list of proscribed books being issued with the authority of a See also:bishop of See also:Rome is the Notitia librorum apocryphorum qui non recipiuntur, the first redaction of which, by See also:Pope See also:Gelasius (494), was subsequently amplified on several occasions. The document is for the most See also:part an enumeration of such apocryphal works as by their titles might be supposed to be part of See also:Holy Scripture (the " Acts " of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas and See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter, and the Gospels of Thaddaeus, See also:Matthias, Peter, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James the Less and other's).' Subsequent pontiffs continued to exhort the episcopate and the whole See also:body of the faithful to be on their guard against heretical writings, whether old or new; and one of the functions of the See also:Inquisition when it was established was to exercise a rigid censorship over books put in circulation. The See also:majority of the condemnations were at that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of a specially theological See also:character. With the See also:discovery of the See also:art of See also:printing, and the wide and cheap See also:diffusion of all sorts of books which ensued, the need for new precautions against See also:heresy and immorality in literature made itself See also:felt, and more than one pope (See also:Sixtus IV. in 1479 and See also:Alexander VI. in 1501) gave See also:special directions to the archbishops of See also:Cologne, See also:Mainz., See also:Trier and See also:Magdeburg regarding the growing abuses of the printing See also:press; in 1515 the Lateran See also:council formulated the See also:decree De Impressione Librorum, which required that no See also:work should be printed without previous examination by the proper ecclesiastics' authority, the See also:penalty of unlicensed printing being See also:excommunication of the See also:culprit, and See also:confiscation and destruction of the books. The council of See also:Trent in its See also:fourth session, 8th See also:April 1546, forbade the See also:sale or See also:possession of any See also:anonymous religious See also:book which had not previously been seen and approved by the See also:ordinary; in the same See also:year the university of See also:Louvain, at the command of See also:Charles V., prepared an " Index " of'pernicious and forbidden books, a second edition of which appeared in 1550. In 1557, and again in 1559, Pope See also:Paul IV., through the Inquisition at Rome, published what may be regarded as the first Roman Index in the See also:modern ecclesiastical use of that See also:term (Index auctorum et librorum qui tanquam haeretici See also:aut suspecti aut perversi ab Officio S. R. Inquisitionis reprobantur et in universa Christiana republics interdicuntur). In this we find the three
' See also:Hardouin, Conc. ii. 940; Labbe, Conc. ii. 938-941. The whole document has also been reprinted in See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith's Dict. of Chr. •Antiq., art. " Prohibited Books."authors condemned with all their writings; prohibited books, the authors of which are known; pernicious books by anonymous authors. An excessively severe general condemnation was applied to all anonymous books published since 1519; and a list of sixty-two printers of heretical hooks was appended. This excessive rigour was mitigated in 1561. At the 18th session of the council of Trent (26th See also:February 1562), in See also:consideration of the See also:great increase in the number of suspect and pernicious books,.and also of the inefficacy of the many previous "censures " which had proceeded from the provinces and from Rome itself, eighteen fathers with a certain number of theologians were appointed to inquire into these " censures," and to consider what ought to be done in the circumstances. At the 25th session (4th See also:December 1563) this See also:committee of the council was reported to have completed its work, but as the subject did not seem (on See also:account of the great number and variety of the books) to admit of being properly .discussed by the council, the result of its labours was handed over to the pope (See also:Pius IV.) to See also:deal with as he should think proper. In the following See also:March accordingly were published, with papal approval, the Index librorum prohibitorum, which continued to be reprinted and brought down to date, and the " Ten Rules " which, supplemented and explained by See also:Clement VIII., Sixtus V., Alexander VII., and finally by See also:Benedict XIV. (loth See also:July 1753), regulated the See also:matter until the pontificate of See also:Leo XIII. The business of condemning pernicious books and of correcting the Index to date has been since the time of Pope Sixtus V. in the hands of the " See also:Congregation of the Index," which consists of several cardinals, one of whom is the See also:prefect, and more or less numerous " consultors
and " examiners of books." An See also:attempt has been made to publish separately the Index Librorum Expurgandorum or Expurgatorius, a See also:catalogue of the works which may be read after the deletion or amending of specified passages; but this was soon abandoned.
With the alteration of social conditions, however, the Rules of Trent ceased to be entirely applicable. Their application to publications which had no concern with morals or See also:religion was no longer conceivable; and, finally, the penalties called for modification. Already, at the Vatican Council, several bishops had submitted See also:requests for a reform of the Index, but the Council was not able to deal with the question. The reform was accomplished by Leo XIII., who, on the 25th of See also:January 1897, published the constitution Officiorum, in 49 articles. In this constitution, although the writings of heretics in support of heresy are condemned as before (No. I), those of their books which contain nothing against Catholic See also:doctrine or which treat other subjects are permitted (Nos. 2-3). See also:Editions of the See also:text of the Scriptures are permitted for purposes of study; See also:translations of the See also:Bible into the vulgar See also:tongue have to be approved, while those published by non-Catholics are permitted for the use of scholars (Nos. 5-8). Obscene books are forbidden; the See also:classics, however, are authorized for educational purposes (Nos. 9-10). Articles 11-14 forbid books which See also:outrage See also:God and sacred things, books which propagate magic and superstition, and books which are pernicious to society. The ecclesiastical See also:laws See also:relating to sacred images, to indulgences, and to liturgical books and books of devotion are maintained (Nos.
15-20). Articles 21-22 condemn immoral and irreligious See also:newspapers, and forbid writers to contribute to them. Articles 23-26 deal with permissions to read prohibited books; these are given by the bishop in particular cases, and in the ordinary course by the Congregation of the Index. in the second part of the constitution the pope deals with the censorship of books. After indicating the official publications for which the authorization of the See also:divers Roman congregations is required, he goes on to say that the others are amenable to the ordinary of the editor and, in the See also:case of regulars, to their See also:superior (Nos. 30-37). The examination of the books is entrusted to censors, who have to study them without See also:prejudice; if their See also:report is favourable, the bishop gives the imprimatur (Nos. 38-40). All books concerned with the religious sciences and with See also:ethics are submitted to preliminary censorship, and in
addition to this ecclesiastics have to obtain a See also:personal authorization for all their books and for the See also:acceptance of the editorship of a periodical (Nos. 41-42). The penalty of excommunication ipso facto is only maintained for See also:reading books written by heretics or apostates in See also:defence of heresy, or books condemned by name under See also:pain of excommunication by pontifical letters (not by decrees of the Index). By the same constitution Leo XIII. ordered the revision of the catalogue of the Index. The new Index, which omits works anterior to 1600 as well as a great number of others included in the old catalogue, appeared in 19oo. The encyclical Pascendi of Pius X. (8th See also:September 1907) made it obligatory for See also:periodicals amenable to the ecclesiastical authority to be submitted to a See also:censor, who subsequently makes useful observations. The legislation of Leo XIII. resulted in the better observance of the rules for the publication of books, but apparently did not modify the practice as regards the reading of prohibited books. It is to be regretted that the catalogue does not discriminate among the prohibited works according to the See also:motive of their condemnation and the danger ascribed to reading them. The tendency of the practice among Catholics at large is to reduce these condemnations to the proportions of the moral See also:law.
See H. See also:Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen See also:Bucher (See also:Bonn, 1883) ; A. See also:Arndt, De Libris prohibitis See also:commentarii (Ratisbon, 1895) ; A. Boudinhon, La Nouvelle Legislation de l'index (See also:Paris, 1899) ; J. Hilgers, Der Index der verbotenen Bucher (See also:Freiburg in B., 1904); A. Vermeersch, De See also:prohibition et censura librorum (See also:Tournai, 1907) ; T. Hurley, Commentary on the See also:Present Index Legislation (See also:Dublin, 1908). (A.
End of Article: INDEX LIBRORUM PROHIBITORUM
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!