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See also:JOHN III . (SOBIESKI) (1624–1696), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Poland, was the eldest son of See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Sobieski, castellan of See also:Cracow, and Theofila Danillowiczowna, See also:grand-daughter of the See also:great See also:Hetman See also:Zolkiewski. After being educated at Cracow, he made the grand tour with his See also:brother See also:Mark and returned to Poland in 1648. He served against See also:Chmielnicki and the See also:Cossacks and was See also:present at the battles of Beresteczko (1651) and Batoka (1652), but was one of the first to See also:desert his unhappy See also:country when invaded by the Swedes in 1654, and actually assisted them to conquer the Prussian provinces in 1655. He returned to his lawful See also:allegiance
in the following See also:year and assisted See also:Czarniecki in his difficult task of expelling See also:Charles X. of See also:Sweden from the central See also:Polish provinces. For his subsequent services to King John Casimir, especially in the See also:Ukraine against the See also:Tatars and Cossacks, he received the grand See also:baton of the See also:crown, or commandershipin-See also:chief (1668). He had already (1665) succeeded Czarniecki as acting See also:commander-in-chief. Sobieski had well earned these distinctions by his extraordinary military capacity, but he was now to exhibit a less pleasing See also:side of his See also:character. He was in fact a typical representative of the unscrupulous self-seeking Polish magnates of the 17th See also:century who were always ready to See also:sacrifice everything, their country included, to their own private ambition. At the See also:election See also:diet of 1669 he accepted large bribes from See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV. to support one of the See also:French candidates; after the election of See also:Michael Wisniowiecki (See also:June 19, 1669) he openly conspired, again in the French See also:interest, against his lawful See also:sovereign, and that too at the very See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time when the Turk was ravaging the See also:southern frontier of the See also:republic. Michael was the feeblest monarch the Poles could have placed upon the See also:throne, and Sobieski deliberately attempted to make See also:government of any See also:kind impossible. He formed a See also:league with the See also:primate Prazmowski and other traitors to dethrone the king; when (167o) the See also:plot was discovered and participation in it repudiated by Louis XIV., the traitors sought the help of the elector of See also:Brandenburg against their own justly indignant countrymen. Two years later the same traitors again conspired against the king, at the very time lvhen the See also:Turks had defeated Sobieski's unsupported See also:lieutenant, Luzecki, at Czertwertyworska and captured the fortress of Kamieniec (Kamenetz-Podolskiy), the See also:key of See also:south-eastern Poland, while See also:Lemberg was only saved by the valour of See also:Elias Lancki. The unhappy king did the only thing possible in the circumstances. He summoned the tuszenia pospolite, or See also:national armed See also:assembly; but it failed to assemble in time, whereupon Michael was constrained to sign the disgraceful See also:peace of Buczacz (Oct. 17, 1672) whereby Poland ceded to the See also:Porte the whole of the Ukraine with See also:Podolia and Kamieniec. Aroused to See also:duty by a See also:series of disasters for which he himself was primarily responsible, Sobieski now hastened to the frontier, and won four victories in ten days. But he could not recover Kamieniec, and when the tuszenia pospolite met at Golenba and ordered an inquiry into the conduct of Sobieski and his accomplices he frustrated all their efforts by summoning a See also:counter See also:confederation to meet at Szczebrzeszyn. Powerless to oppose a See also:rebel who was at the same time commander-in-chief, both the king and the diet had to give way, and a See also:compromise was come to whereby the peace of Buczacz was repudiated and Sobieski was given a See also:chance of rehabilitating himself, which he did by his brilliant victory over an immense See also:Turkish See also:host at See also:Khotin (Nov. 1o, 1673). The same See also:day King Michael died and Sobieski, determined to secure the throne for himself, hastened to the See also:capital, though Tatar bands were swarming over the frontier and the whole situation was acutely perilous. Appearing at the elective diet of 1674 at the See also:head of 6000 veterans he overawed every other competitor, and despite the persistent opposition of the See also:Lithuanians was elected king on the 21st of May. By this time, however, the See also:state of things in the Ukraine was so alarming that the new king had to hasten to the front. Assisted by French See also:diplomacy at the Porte
(Louis XIV. desiring to employ Poland against See also:Austria), and his own skilful negotiations with the Tatar See also:khan, John III. now
tried to follow the example of See also:Wladislaus IV. by leaving the
guardianship of the Ukraine entirely in the hands of the Cossacks,
while he assembled as many regulars and militiamen as possible
at Lemberg, whence he might hasten with adequate forces to
defend whichever of the provinces of the Republic might be in
most danger. But the See also:appeal of the king was like the See also:voice of
one crying in the See also:wilderness, and not one See also:gentleman in a See also:hundred
hastened to the assistance of the fatherland. Even at the end
of See also:August Sobieski had but 3000 men at his disposal to oppose to
6o,000 Turks. Only his superb See also:strategy and the heroic devo-
tion of his lieutenants—notably the converted See also:Jew, See also:Jan See also:Samuel
Chrzanowski, who held the See also:Ottoman See also:army at See also:bay for eleven days
443
behind the walls of Trembowla—enabled the king to remove " the See also:pagan yoke from our shoulders "; and he returned to be crowned at Cracow on the 14th of See also:February 1676. In See also:October 1676, in his entrenched See also:camp at Zaravno, he with 13,000 men withstood 8o,000 Turks for three See also:weeks, and recovered by See also:special treaty two-thirds of the Ukraine, but without Kamieniec (treaty of Zaravno, Oct. 16, 1676).
Having now secured peace abroad Sobieski was desirous of strengthening Poland at See also:home by establishing See also:absolute See also:monarchy; but Louis XIV. looked coldly on the project, and from this time forth the old See also:familiar relations between the republic and the French monarchy were strained to breaking point, though the final rupture did not come till r682 on the arrival of the See also:Austrian See also:minister, Zerowski, at See also:Warsaw. After resisting every See also:attempt of the French See also:court to draw him into the See also:anti-See also:Habsburg league, Sobieski signed the famous treaty of See also:alliance with the See also:emperor See also:Leopold against the Turks (See also:March 31, 1683), which was the prelude to the most glorious See also:episode of his See also:life, the See also:relief of See also:Vienna and the liberation of See also:Hungary from the Ottoman yoke. The See also:epoch-making victory of the 12th of See also:September 1683 was ultimately decided by the See also:charge of the Polish See also:cavalry led by Sobieski in See also:person. Unfortunately Poland profited little or nothing by this great See also:triumph, and now that she had broken the back of the enemy she was See also:left to fight the See also:common enemy in the Ukraine with whatever assistance she could obtain from the unwilling and unready Muscovites. The last twelve years of the reign of John III. were a See also:period of unmitigated humiliation and disaster. He now reaped to the full the See also:harvest of See also:treason and See also:rebellion which he himself had sown so abundantly during the first See also:forty years of his life. A treasonable See also:senate secretly plotting his dethronement, a mutinous diet rejecting the most necessary reforms for fear of " See also:absolutism," ungrateful See also:allies who profited exclusively by his victories —these were his inseparable companions during the See also:remainder of his life. See also:Nay, at last his evil destiny pursued him to the See also:battle-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field and his own home. His last See also:campaign (in 169o) was an utter failure, and the last years of his life were embittered by the violence and the intrigues of his dotingly beloved wife, Marya Kazimiera d'Arquien, by whom he had three sons, James, See also:Alexander and See also:Constantine. He died on the 17th of June 1696, a disillusioned and broken-hearted old See also:man.
See Tadeusz Korzon, Fortunes and Misfortunes of John Sobieski (Pol.) (Cracow, 1898); E. H. R. Tatham, John Sobieski (See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, 1881); Kazimierz Waliszewski, Archives of French See also:Foreign Affairs, 1674–1696, v. (Cracow, 1881); Ludwik Piotr Leliwa, John Sobieski and His Times (Pol.) (Cracow, 1882–1885); Kazimierz Waliszewski, Marysienka See also:Queen of Poland (See also:London, 1898) ; Georg Rieder, Johann Sobieski in Wien (Vienna, 1882). (R. N.
End of Article: JOHN III
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