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See also:BARBOUR, See also:JOHN (? 1316-1395) , Scottish poet, was See also:born, perhaps in See also:Aberdeenshire, See also:early in the 14th See also:century, approximately 1316. In a See also:letter of safe-conduct dated 1357, allowing him to go to See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford for study, he is described as See also:archdeacon of See also:Aberdeen. He is named in a similar letter in 1364 and in another in 1368 granting him permission to pass to See also:France, probably for further study, at the university of See also:Paris. In 1372 he was one of the auditors of See also:exchequer, and in 1373 a clerk of See also:audit in the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's See also:household. In 1375 (he gives the date, and his See also:age as 6o) he composed his best known poem The Brus, for which he received, in 1377, the See also:gift of ten pounds, and, in 1378, a See also:life-See also:pension of twenty shillings. Additional rewards followed, including the renewal of his exchequer auditorship (though he may have continued to enjoy it since his first See also:appointment) and ten pounds to his pension. The only See also:biographical See also:evidence of his closing years is his See also:signature as a See also:witness to sundry deeds in the " See also:Register of Aberdeen" as See also:late as 1392. According to the See also:obit-See also:book of the See also:cathedral of Aberdeen, he died on the 13th of See also:March 1395. The See also:state records show that his life-pension was not paid after that date.
Considerable controversy has arisen regarding Barbour's See also:literary See also:work. If he be the author of the five or six See also:long poems which have been ascribed to him by different writers, he adds to his importance as the See also:father of Scots See also:poetry the reputation of being one of the most voluminous writers in See also:Middle See also:English, certainly the most voluminous of all Scots poets.
(r) The Brus, in twenty books, and See also:running to over 13,500 four-See also:accent lines, in couplets, is a narrative poem with a purpose partly See also:historical, partly patriotic. It opens with a description of the state of See also:Scotland at the See also:death of See also:Alexander III. (1286) and concludes with the death of See also:Douglas and the See also:burial of the See also:Bruce's See also:heart (1332). The central See also:episode is the See also:battle of See also:Bannockburn. Patriotic as the sentiment is, it is in more See also:general terms than is found in later Scots literature. The king is a See also:hero of the chivalric type See also:common in contemporary See also:romance; freedom is a See also:noble thing " to be sought and won at all See also:costs; the opponents of such freedom are shown in the dark See also:colours which See also:history and poetic propriety require; but there is none of the complacency of the merely provincial See also:habit of mind. The lines do not lack vigour; and there are passages of high merit, notably the oft-quoted See also:section beginning " A! fredome is a noble thing. " Despite a number of errors of fact, notably the confusion of the three Bruces in the See also:person of the hero, the poem is historically trustworthy as compared with contemporary See also:verse-See also:chronicle, and especially with the See also:Wallace of the next century. No one
39Q
has doubted Barbour's authorship of the Brus, but See also:argument has been attempted to show that the See also:text as we have it is an edited copy, perhaps by John See also:Ramsay, a See also:Perth See also:scribe, who wrote out the two extant texts, preserved in the See also:Advocates' library, See also:Edinburgh, and in the library of St John's See also:College, See also:Cambridge. Extensive portions of the poem have been incorporated by See also:Wyntoun (q.v.) in his Chronicle. The first printed edition extant is Charteris's (Edinburgh, 157r); the second is See also:Hart's (Edinburgh, 1616).
(2) Wyntoun speaks (Chronicle III. iii.) of a " Treteis " which Barbour made by way of " a See also:genealogy " of " See also:Brutus lynagis "; and elsewhere in that poem there are references to the See also:arch-See also:deacon's " Stewartis Oryginale." This " See also:Brut" is unknown; but the reference has been held by some to be to (3) a See also:Troy-book, based on Guido da See also:Colonna's Historia Destructions Troiae. Two fragments of such a work have been preserved in texts of See also:Lydgate's Troy-book, the first in MS. Camb. Univ. See also:Lib. Kk. V. 30, the second in the same and in MS. See also:Douce 148 in the Bodleian library, Oxford. This ascription was first made by See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Bradshaw, the librarian of Cambridge University; but the consensus of See also:critical See also:opinion is now against it. Though it were proved that these Troy fragments are Barbour's, there remains the question whether their See also:identification with the book on the See also:- STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
- STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
- STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
- STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
- STEWART, J
- STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
- STEWART, JULIUS L
- STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
- STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
- STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
- STEWART, STUART
- STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)
Stewart See also:line is justified. The See also:scale of the See also:story in these fragments forces us to doubt this identification. They contain 595+3118 =3713 lines and are concerned entirely with " Trojan" matters. This would be an undue See also:allowance in a Scottish genealogy."
(4) Yet another work was added to the See also:list of Barbour's See also:works by the See also:discovery in the university library of Cambridge, by Henry Bradshaw, of a long Scots poem of over 33,000 lines, dealing with Legends of the See also:Saints, as told in the Legenda Aurea and other legendaries. The general likeness of this poem to Barbour's accepted work in verse-length, See also:dialect and See also:style, and the facts that the lives of English saints are excluded and those of St Machar (the See also:patron See also:saint of Aberdeen) and St See also:Ninian are inserted, made the ascription plausible. Later See also:criticism, though divided, has tended in the contrary direction, and has based its strongest negative See also:judgment on the See also:consideration of rhymes, assonance and vocabulary (see bibliography). That the "See also:district" of the author is the See also:north-See also:east of Scotland cannot be doubted in the See also:face of a passage such as this, in the fortieth See also:legend (St Ninian), 1359 et seq.
" A lytil See also:tale 3et See also:herd I tel,
fiat in to my tyme befel,
of a gudman, in murrefe [See also:Moray] See also:borne
in elgyne [See also:Elgin], and his kine beforne,
and callit was a faithful See also:man
vith at fame at hyme knew than;
£~ Iis See also:mare trastely I say,
for I kend hyme weile mony See also:day.
John balormy ves his name,
a man of ful gud fame."
But whether this north-east Scots author is Barbour is a question which we cannot See also:answer by means of the data at See also:present available.
(5) If Barbour be the author of the Legends, then (so does one conclusion hang upon another) he is the author of a See also:Gospel story with the later life of the Virgin, described in the See also:prologue to the Legends and in other passages as a book " of the See also:birth of Jhesu criste " and one " quhare-in I recordit the genology of our See also:lady sanct See also:Mary."
(6) In See also:recent years an See also:attempt has been made to name Barbour as the author of the Buik of Alexander (a See also:translation of the See also:Roman d'See also:Alexandre and associated pieces, including the Vceux du Paon), as known in the unique edition, c. 1580, printed at the Edinburgh See also:press of Alexander See also:Arbuthnot. The " argument " as it stands is nothing more than an exaggerated inference from parallel-passages in the Bruce and Alexander; and it makes no allowance for the tags, epithets and general vocabulary common to all writers of the See also:period. Should the See also:assumption be proved to be correct, and should it be found that the " Troy fragments were written first of all, followed by Alexander and Bruce or Bruce and Alexander, and that the Legends end the See also:chapter," it will be by "evidence " other than that which has been produced to this date.
For Barbour's life see Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, ii. and iii. ; Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (See also:Spalding See also:Club) ; See also:Rymer's Foedera.
End of Article: BARBOUR, JOHN (? 1316-1395)
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