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America. The sculptures found were mostly buried again, but a few fragments, some decorative terra-cottas and a dedicatory inscription to Hera of the 6th century Inc., in private See also:

possession at Cotrone, are described by F. von Duhn in Notizie degli scavi, '897, 343 seq. The date of the erection of the temple may he given as 480–440 B.C.; it is not recorded by any See also:

ancient writer. See R. Koldewey and O.

Puchstein, See also:

Die griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien and Sicilien (See also:

Berlin 1899, 41). LA CIOTAT, a See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

TOWN

town of See also:

south-eastern See also:

France in the See also:

DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Bouches-du-See also:

Rhone, on the See also:

west See also:

SHORE

shore of the See also:

Bay of La Ciotat, 26 m. S.E. of See also:

MARSEILLES

Marseilles by See also:

RAIL

rail. Pop. (1906) 10,562. The See also:

PORT

port is easily accessible and well sheltered. The large See also:

SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards and repairing docks of the Messageries Maritimes See also:

COMPANY

Company give employment to between 2000 and 3000 workmen. Fishing and an active See also:

COASTING

coasting See also:

trade are carried on; the town is frequented for See also:

sea-bathing. La Ciotat was in ancient times the port of the neighbouring town of Citharista (now the See also:

VILLAGE

village of Ceyreste). LA CLOCHE, See also:

JAMES DE ["See also:

Prince James See also:

Stuart "] (1644 ?–1669), a See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character who was brought into the See also:

HISTORY

history of See also:

England by See also:

Lord See also:

Acton in '862 (See also:

Home and See also:

FOREIGN

Foreign See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, i. '46–174: "The See also:

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

Secret History of See also:

Charles II."). From See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information discovered by See also:

FATHER

Father Boero in the archives of the See also:

JESUITS

Jesuits in See also:

Rome, Lord Acton averred that Charles II., when a lad at See also:

Jersey, had a natural son, James.

The See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence follows. On the 2nd of See also:

APRIL

April '668, as the See also:

House of Novices at Rome attests, " there entered Jacobus de la Cloche:" His baggage was exiguous, his attire was clerical. He is described as " from the See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Jersey, under the See also:

king of England, aged See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1665, and on the 7th of See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1667. In both Charles acknowledges James to be his natural son, he styles him " James de la Cloche de Bourg du Jersey," and avers that to recognize him publicly " would imperil the See also:

peace of the kingdoms "—why is not apparent. A third certificate of See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, in Latin, undated, was from See also:

Christina of See also:

Sweden, who declares that James, previously a See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant, has been received into the See also:

church of Rome at See also:

HAMBURG

Hamburg (where in 1667–1668 she was residing) on the 29th of See also:

JULY

July 1667. The next See also:

paper purports to be a See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from Charles II. of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 3/13 to See also:

OLIVA, FERNAN PEREZ DE (1492?-1530)

Oliva, See also:

general of the Jesuits. The king writes, in See also:

French, that he has See also:

long wished to be secretly received into the church. He therefore desires that James, his son by a See also:

young See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady " of the highest quality," and See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born to him when he was about sixteen, should be ordained a See also:

PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, come to England and receive him. Charles alludes to previous attempts of his own to be secretly admitted (1662). James must be sent secretly to See also:

LONDON

London at once, and Oliva must say nothing to Christina of Sweden (then meditating a See also:

JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to Rome), and must never write to Charles except when James carries the letter. Charles next writes on August 29/September 9. He is most anxious that Christina should not meet James; if she knows Charles's See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of changing his creed she will not keep it secret, and Charles will infallibly lose his See also:

LIFE

life.

With this letter there is another, written when the first had been sealed. Charles insists that James must not be accompanied, as novices were, when travelling, by a Jesuit socius or See also:

GUARDIAN

guardian. Charles's wife and See also:

MOTHER

mother have just heard that this is the See also:

RULE

rule, but the rule must be broken. James, who is to travel as " See also:

HENRI

Henri de See also:

Rohan," must not come by way of France. Oliva will See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply him with funds. On the back of this letter Oliva has written the draft of his brief reply to Charles (from See also:

LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn, See also:

OCTOBER

October 14, 1668). He merely says that the See also:

BEARER

bearer, a French See also:

GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman (James spoke only French), will inform the king that his orders have been executed. Besides these two letters is one from Charles to James, of date August 4/14. It is addressed to " Le Prince Stuart," though none of Charles's bastards was allowed to See also:

bear the Stuart name. James is told that he may See also:

DESERT

desert the clerical profession if he pleases. In that See also:

case " you may claim higher titles from us than the See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

Monmouth." (There was no higher See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save prince of See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales!) If Charles and his See also:

BROTHER

brother, the duke of See also:

York, die childless, " the kingdoms belong to you, and See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament cannot legally oppose you, unless as, at See also:

PRESENT

present, they can only elect Protestant See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings." This letter ought to have opened the eyes of Lord Acton and other historians who accept the myth of James de la Cloche. Charles knew that the See also:

CROWN

crown of England was not elective, that there was no Exclusion See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, and that there were legal heirs if he and his brother died without issue.

The last letter of Charles is dated See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 18/28, and purports to have been brought from England to Oliva by James de la Cloche on his return to Rome. It reveals the fact that Oliva, despite Charles's orders, did send James by way of France, with a socius or guardian whom he was to pick up in France on his return to England. Charles says that James is to communicate certain matters to Oliva, and come back at once. Oliva is to give James all the See also:

MONEY

money he needs, and Charles will later make an ample donation to the Jesuits. He acknowledges a See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt to Oliva of goo, to be paid in six months. The reader will remark that the king has never paid a See also:

penny to James or to Oliva, and that Oliva has never communicated directly with Charles. The truth is that all of Charles's letters are forgeries. This is certain because in all he writes frequently as if his mother, Henrietta Maria, were in London, and constantly in company with him. Now she had See also:

LEFT

left England for France in 1665, and to England she never returned. As the letters—including that to " Prince Stuart "—are all forged, it is clear that de la Cloche was an impostor. His aim had been to get money from Oliva, and to pretend to travel to England, meaning to enjoy himself. He did not quite succeed, for Oliva sent a socius with him into France.

His precautions to avoid a See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting with Christina of Sweden were necessary. She knew no more of him than did Charles, and would have exposed him. 51 The name of James de la Cloche appears no more in documents. He reached Rome in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1668, and in See also:

JANUARY

January a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person calling himself " Prince James Stuart " appears in See also:

Naples, accompanied by a socius styling himself a French See also:

knight of See also:

Malta. Both are on their way to England, but Prince James falls See also:

ill and stays in Naples, while his See also:

COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion departs. The knight of Malta may be a Jesuit. In Naples, Prince James marries a girl of no position, and is arrested on suspicion of being a coiner. To his confessors (he had two in See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession) he says that he is a son of Charles II. Our See also:

SOURCES

sources are the despatches of See also:

Kent, the See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent at Naples, and the Lettere, vol. iii., of Vincenzo Armanni (1674), who had his information from one of the confessors of. the " Prince." The See also:

VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of Naples communicated with Charles II., who disowned the impostor; Prince James, however, was released, and died at Naples in August 1669, leaving a See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild will, in which he claims for his son, still unborn, the " apanage " of Monmouth or Wales, " which it is usual to bestow on natural sons of the king." The son lived till about 1750, a penniless pretender, and writer of begging letters. It is needless to pursue Lord Acton's conjectures about later mysterious appearances of James de la Cloche at the See also:

court of Charles, or to discuss the See also:

LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend that his mother was a lady of Jersey—or a See also:

SISTER

sister of Charles! The Jersey myths may be found in The See also:

Man of the See also:

MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

Mask (1908), by See also:

MONSIGNOR (It. monsignore, my lord)

Monsignor See also:

Barnes, who argued that James was the man in the See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron mask (see IRON MASK). Later Monsignor Barnes, who had observed that the letter of Charles to Prince James Stuart is a See also:

FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery, noticed the impossibility that Charles, in 1668, should constantly write of his mother as See also:

RESIDENT

resident in London, which she left for ever in 1665.

Who de la Cloche really was it is impossible to discover, but he was a bold and successful swindler, who took in, not only the general of the Jesuits, but Lord Acton and a See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of guileless historians. (A. L.) LA CONDAMINE, CHARLES See also:

MARIE

MARIE DE (17o1–1774), French geographer and mathematician, was born at See also:

Paris on the 28th of January 170-1. He was trained for the military profession, but turned his See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical exploration. After taking See also:

PART

part in a scientific expedition in the See also:

LEVANT

Levant (1731), he became a member with See also:

Louis See also:

GODIN, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1817–1888)

Godin and See also:

PIERRE

Pierre See also:

BOUGUER, PIERRE (1698-1758)

Bouguer of the expedition sent to See also:

Peru in 1735 to determine the length of a degree of the See also:

meridian in the neighbourhood of the See also:

EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator. His associations with his principals were unhappy; the expedition was beset by many difficulties, and finally La Condamine separated from the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest and made his way from See also:

QUITO

Quito down the See also:

AMAZON

Amazon, ultimately reaching See also:

CAYENNE

Cayenne. His was the first scientific exploration of the Amazon. He returned to Paris in 1744 and published the results of his measurements and travels with a See also:

map of the Amazon in Mem. de l'academie See also:

des sciences, 1745 (English See also:

TRANSLATION

translation 1745-1747). On a visit to Rome La Condamine made careful measurements of the ancient buildings with a view to a precise determination of the length of the See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

FOOT

foot. The See also:

journal of his voyage to South America was published in Paris in 1751. He also wrote in favour of inoculation, and on various other subjects, mainly connected with his See also:

WORK

work in South America. He died at Paris on the 4th of February 1774.

End of Article: LACINIUM, PROMUNTURIUM (mod. Capo delle Colonne), 7

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