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NEW See also:BEDFORD , a See also:city and See also:port of entry, and one of the See also:county-seats of See also:Bristol county, See also:Massachusetts, U.S.A., 56 m. S. of See also:Boston, at the mouth of the Acushnet See also:river, and at the See also:head of New Bedford Harbor, an See also:arm of See also:Buzzard's See also:Bay. Pop. (189o) 40,733; (1900) 62,442, of whom 25,529 were See also:foreign-See also:born, including 8559 See also:French Canadians, 5389 See also:English, 4802 Portuguese and 3020 Irish; (1910 See also:census) 96,652. New Bedford is the See also:terminus of two divisions of the New See also:York, New Haven & See also:Hartford railroad, and is connected with See also:Taunton (the other county-seat), Fall River, See also:Brockton and other cities by interurban electric See also:railways. Passenger steamboat ' lines connect with Martha's Vineyard, See also:Nantucket and Buzzard's Bay points; a See also:freight See also:line and, in summer, daily passenger service to New York are maintained; the Insular See also:Navigation Co. (Empreza Insulana de Navegacao) runs passenger and freight steamers from New Bedford to See also:Lisbon, and to the See also:Azores; and there is a See also:regular sailing packet service between New Bedford and the Cape Verde Islands. Two See also:bridges connect New Bedford with the township of See also:Fairhaven, on the E. See also:side of the See also:harbour; one, a See also:steel See also:bridge, is almost 1 m. in length and cost $1,500,000. New Bedford is attractively situated, and, commercially, occupies a particularly favourable position. It covers about 20 sq. m., and extends along the ,W. side of the river and harbour for several See also:miles. Unusual dockage facilities are thus provided. The harbour was improved by the Federal See also:government, between 184o and 1906, the channel from Buzzard's Bay through the harbour being 18 ft. deep and 200 ft. wide; under a project of 1907 it was contemplated to increase the See also:depth of the channel to 25 ft. and the width to 300 ft. There is a broad driveway along the See also:shore of the harbour to See also:Clark's Point at the entrance, where during the See also:Civil See also:War the See also:United States government erected a See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone fort, Fort Rodman, in which a See also:garrison of See also:artillery is still maintained; New Bedford was one of the 26 places reported by the U.S. See also:Chief of See also:Engineers in 1909 as having " permanent seacoast defences." Among the See also:principal buildings and institutions are the See also:post See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office and See also:custom See also:house, the city See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, the county See also:court house, the registry of deeds See also:building, the masonic building, the merchants' See also:national See also:bank, the institution for savings, St See also:Joseph's and St See also:Luke's hospitals, the Swain See also:free school, St See also:Mary's (See also:Roman See also:Catholic) school, the See also:Friends' See also:academy, a See also:state textile school, a state armory and St Mary's See also:home. The public library, established as a private society library in 1802, taken over by the city in 1853, and housed in the refitted old city hall building, was one of the first free public See also:libraries in the United States; it contains about 1oo,000 volumes, and has notable collections See also:relating to the whaling See also:industry and to the See also:Quakers. The Sailors' See also:Bethel, built in 1831, and containing memorial tablets reminiscent of the whaling days, is of See also:interest. The Old Dart-mouth See also:Historical Society was organized in 1903. A See also:fine See also:park See also:system, aggregating 255 acres, includes the See also:Common, and See also:Brook-See also:lawn, Buttonwood, Hazelwood, See also:Grove and Triangle Parks. The city owns and operates a fine See also:water-See also:supply system.
When See also:whale-oil was a widely used illuminant, New Bedford was See also:long the principal port of the See also:world's whaling industry; and in point of See also:tonnage owned it is perhaps still so, as many New Bedford vessels now See also:sail from See also:San Francisco. As See also:early as the See also:middle of the 18th See also:century, vessels sailed on whaling voyages from the mouth of the Acushnet river, but it was not until 1765, when Joseph Rotch, a Nantucket See also:merchant, bought a See also:tract of See also:land on the W. side of the river and constructed wharves and warehouses, that the industry became established here. Atfirst the whales were obtained principally off the See also:Virginia and Carolina coasts, but by the outbreak of the War of See also:Independence, the New Bedford whalers sought their See also:prey as far as See also:West See also:Indian and even See also:South See also:American See also:waters. The War of Independence temporarily ruined the industry, but it was soon re-established, and the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of operations was much extended, after 1791 many See also:ships regularly rounding Cape See also:Horn into the Pacific Ocean. By 1804 there were S9 whaling vessels registered from New Bedford. The unsettled commercial conditions of the early years of the 19th century and the See also:Embargo combined to ruin the business once more, but the See also:close of the War of 1812 ushered in the greatest era of prosperity for the industry. By 1845 only New York, Boston and New See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans of American ports exceeded New Bedford in tonnage. The See also:production was greatest in that See also:year, New Bedford whalers importing 158,000 bbls. of sperm oil, 272,000 bbls. of whale oil and 3,000,000 lb of See also:whalebone. The beginning of See also:Arctic whaling in 1848 marked a new step in the industry, and the tonnage was much increased. The highest point in See also:capital, tonnage and vessels was reached in 1857, when New Bedford possessed 329 registered whaling ships, representing an investment of $12,000,00o and employing afloat and ashore 1o,000 hands. From a See also:succession of causes, of which the introduction of See also:petroleum into See also:general use as an illuminant was the chief, the industry began to decline from this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. The Civil War was a See also:great See also:blow to the whalers; 25 vessels were sunk by Confederate cruisers, entailing a loss of $1,65o,000, and many more were bought by the government to be sunk at the entrances of See also:southern harbours, or to be used as colliers or See also:store ships.' In 1871 and 1876 many vessels were lost in the Arctic See also:ice, involving losses of several millions. Still the industry survives on a comparatively small See also:scale; in See also:January 1909 there were 13 steamers and barks, 1 brig and 4 schooners, with an aggregate tonnage of 4710, employed, chiefly in sperm whaling, and the oil and whalebone product of 1908 was valued at about $350,000.
The prosperity that New Bedford lost with the decline of the whaling industry has been more than made up by the growth of the See also:cotton See also:spinning industry. In 19o5 New Bedford ranked second among the cities of the United States in the manufacture of cotton goods (including cotton small wares), producing 5% of the See also:total for the See also:country; the speciality of the See also:mills is the finer cotton goods. The first cotton See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
mill, a five-See also:storey stone structure, was built by Joseph See also:Grinnell (r789–1885) and his associates in 1847, and began operations in the following year with 15,000 spindles and 200 looms. This was the beginning of the Wamsutta Mills, in 1907 comprising 8 buildings, 228,000 spindles and 4300 looms.
In 1909 the city had some 50 mills, with a total of over 2,137,000 spindles. The value of cotton goods manufactured in 1905 was $22,411,936, or 76.1% of all manufactured products of New Bedford (in 1890 the product was $8,185,286; in 1900 $16,74$,783). Among the city's other manufactures are tools, cordage and twine, boots and shoes, See also:glass, See also:oils, See also:lubricants (notably See also:black-See also:fish oil, a lubricant for watches and clocks, of which almost the entire supply is manufactured here), See also:mechanical toys, See also:beer, See also:ale, woollen and See also:silk goods, and paints. The total value of all factory products was $23,397,491 in 1900 and $29,469,349 in 1905. There is an extensive See also:commerce in See also:coal, raw cotton, See also:lumber and fish; the See also:direct foreign See also:trade is comparatively small—in 1909 the imports were valued at $542,995, and the exports at $34,473.
The site of New Bedford was visited in 1602 by the English navigator, See also:Bartholomew See also:Gosnold, who traded with the See also:Indians at the mouth of the Acushnet or Acoosnet. It was originally See also:part of the See also:town of See also:Dartmouth, which was occupied by settlers from See also:Plymouth, who in 1652 See also:purchased the land from Massasoit, Sachem of the Narragansets, and his son Wamsutta (called See also:Alexander by the whites). About 1665 there was a considerable influx of Quakers, and members of this See also:sect have always formed
' From New Bedford in See also:November and See also:December 1861 sailed the " Stone See also:Fleet," a flotilla of 45 whaling vessels collected by the Federal government and loaded with stone, most of which were sunk off See also:Charleston and other harbours on the South See also:Atlantic See also:coast for the purpose of stopping See also:blockade See also:running.
an important and influential See also:element in the See also:population. There were few settlers on the site of New Bedford until the middle of the 18th century, and there was no See also:village, properly speaking, until r76o. The town was first called Bedford after Joseph See also:- RUSSELL (FAMILY)
- RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
- RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
- RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
- RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
- RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
- RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
- RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
- RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
- RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )
Russell, one of the founders, whose See also:family name was the same as that of the See also:dukes of Bedford; and it was later called New Bedford to distinguish it from Bedford in See also:Middlesex county. During the War of Independence the harbour became a See also:rendezvous for American privateers; this led to an attack, on the 5th of See also:September 1778, by a fleet and armed force under See also:Earl See also:Grey, which burned seventy ships and almost destroyed the town. In 1787 New Bedford was set off from Dartmouth and separately incorporated as a township; in 1812 the township of Fairhaven was separated from it. New Bedford was chartered as a city in 1847. Its first newspaper, the Marine See also:Journal, was established in 1792. The See also:Mercury, founded in 1807, now one of the See also:oldest See also:newspapers in continuous publication in the country, was for some time edited by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Ellery See also:Channing (1818-1901). There are Portuguese and French weekly newspapers.
See See also:Daniel Ricketson, See also:History of New Bedford (New Bedford, 1858); Z. W. See also:Pease and G. W. Hough, New Bedford (New Bedford, 1889) ; D. H. See also:Hurd, History of Bristol County (See also:Philadelphia, 1883) ; L. B. See also:Ellis, History of New Bedford and its Vicinity 1602—1892 (See also:Syracuse, N.Y., 1892); W. S. See also:Tower, A History of the American Whale See also:Fishery (Philadelphia, 1907) ; and The Old Dartmouth Historical Sketches (1903 seq.), published by the Old Dartmouth Historical Society.
End of Article: NEW BEDFORD
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