|
See also:HINCMAR (c. 805-882) , See also:archbishop of See also:Reims, one of the most remarkable figures in the ecclesiastical See also:history of See also:France, belonged to a See also:noble See also:family of the See also:north or north-See also:east of See also:Gaul. Destined, doubtless, to the monastic See also:life, he was brought up at St See also:Denis under the direction of the See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot Hilduin (d. 844), who brought him in 822 to the See also:court of the See also:emperor See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis the Pious. When Hilduin was disgraced in 83o for having joined the party of See also:Lothair, Hincmar accompanied him into See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile at See also:Corvey in See also:Saxony, but returned with him to St Denis when the abbot was reconciled with the emperor, and remained faithful to the emperor during his struggle with his sons. After the See also:death of Louis the Pious (840) Hincmar supported See also:Charles the Bald, and received from him the abbacies of Notre-See also:Dame at See also:Compiegne and St Germer de See also:Fly. In 845 he obtained through the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's support the archbishopric of Reims, and this choice was confirmed at the See also:synod of See also:Beauvais (See also:April 845). Archbishop Ebbo, whom he replaced, had been deposed in 835 at the synod of Thionville (See also:Diedenhofen) for having broken his See also:oath of fidelity to the emperor Louis, whom he had deserted to join the party of Lothair. After the death of Louis, Ebbo succeeded in regaining See also:possession of his see for some years (840-844), but in 844 See also:Pope See also:Sergius II. See also:con-firmed his deposition. It was in these circumstances that Hincmar succeeded, and in 847 Pope See also:Leo IV. sent him the See also:pallium.
One of the first cares of the new See also:prelate was the restitution to his See also:metropolitan see of the domains that had been alienated under Ebbo and given as benefices to laymen. From the beginning of his episcopate Hincmar was in See also:constant conflict with the clerks who had been ordained by Ebbo during his reappearance. These clerks, whose ordination was regarded as invalid by Hincmar and his adherents, were condemned in 8J3 at the See also:council of See also:Soissons, and the decisions of that council were confirmed in 855 by Pope See also:Benedict III. This conflict, however, bred an antagonism of which Hincmar was later to feel the effects. During the next See also:thirty years the archbishop of Reims played a very prominent See also:part in See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church and See also:state. His authoritative and energetic will inspired, and in See also:great measure directed, the policy of the See also:west Frankish See also:kingdom until his death. He took an active part in all the great See also:political and religious affairs of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and was especially energetic in defending and extending the rights of the church and of the metropolitans in See also:general, and of the metropolitan of the church of Reims in particular. In the resulting conflicts, in which his See also:personal See also:interest was in question, he displayed great activity and a wide knowledge of See also:canon See also:law, but (lid not See also:scruple to resort to disingenuous See also:- INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)
interpretation of texts. His first encounter was with the heresiarch See also:Gottschalk, whose predestinarian doctrines claimed to be modelled on those of St See also:Augustine. Hincmar placed himself at the See also:head of the partythat regarded Gottschalk's doctrines as heretical, and succeeded in procuring the See also:arrest and imprisonment of his adversary (849). For a part at least of his doctrines Gottschalk found ardent defenders, such as See also:Lupus of Ferrieres, the See also:deacon See also:Florus .and Amolo of See also:Lyons. Through the See also:energy and activity of Hincmar the theories of Gottschalk were condemned at See also:Quierzy (8J3) and See also:Valence (855), and the decisions of these two synods were con-firmed at the synods of See also:Langres and Savonnieres, near See also:Toul (859). To refute the predestinarian See also:heresy Hincmar composed his De praedestinatione Dei et libero arbitrio, and against certain propositions advanced by Gottschalk on the Trinity he wrote a See also:treatise called De una et non See also:trim deitate. Gottschalk died in See also:prison in 868. The question of the See also:divorce of Lothair II., king of See also:Lorraine, who had repudiated his wife Theutberga to marry his concubine Waldrada, engaged Hincmar's See also:literary activities in another direction. At the See also:request of a number of great personages in Lorraine he composed in 86o his De divortio Lotharii et Teutbergae, in which he vigorously attacked, both from the moral and the legal standpoints, the condemnation pronounced against the See also:queen by the synod of See also:Aix-la-Chapelle (See also:February 86o). Hincmar energetically supported the policy of Charles the Bald in Lorraine, less perhaps from devotion to the king's interests than from a See also:desire to see the whole of the ecclesiastical See also:province of Reims See also:united under the authority of a single See also:sovereign, and in 869 it was he who consecrated Charles at See also:Metz as king of Lorraine.
In the See also:middle of the 9th See also:century there appeared in Gaul the collection of false See also:decretals commonly known as the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. The exact date and the circumstances of the See also:composition of the collection are still an open question, but it is certain that Hincmar was one of the first to know of their existence, and apparently he was not aware that the documents were forged. The importance assigned by these decretals to the bishops and the provincial See also:councils, as well as to the See also:direct intervention of the See also:Holy See, tended to curtail the rights of the metropolitans, of which Hincmar was so jealous. Rothad, See also:bishop of Soissons, one of the most active members of the party in favour of the pseudo-Isidorian theories, immediately came into collision with his archbishop. Deposed in 863 at the council of Soissons, presided over by Hincmar, Rothad appealed to See also:Rome. Pope See also:Nicholas I, supported him zealously, and in 865, in spite of the protests of the archbishop of Reims, See also:Arsenius, bishop of See also:Orta and See also:legate of the Holy See, was instructed to restore Rothad to his episcopal see. Hincmar experienced another check when he endeavoured to prevent Wulfad, one of the clerks deposed by Ebbo, from obtaining the archbishopric of See also:Bourges with the support of Charles the Bald. After a synod held at Soissons, Nicholas I. pronounced himself in favour of the deposed clerks, and Hincmar was con-strained to make submission (866). He was more successful in his contest with his See also:nephew Hincmar, bishop of See also:Laon, who was at first supported both by the king and by his See also:uncle, the See also:arch-bishop of Reims, but soon quarrelled with both. Hincmar of Laon refused to recognize the authority of his metropolitan, and entered into an open struggle with his uncle, who exposed his errors in a treatise called Opusculum LV. capitulorum, and See also:pro-cured his condemnation and deposition at the synod of Douzy (871). The bishop of Laon was sent into exile, probably to See also:Aquitaine, where his eyes were put out by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of See also:Count Boso. Pope See also:Adrian protested against his deposition, but it was con-firmed in 876 by Pope See also:John VIII., and it was not until 878, at the council of See also:Troyes, that the unfortunate prelate was reconciled with the Church. A serious conflict arose between Hincmar- on the one See also:side and Charles and the pope on the other in 876, when Pope John VIII., at the king's request, entrusted Ansegisus, archbishop of See also:Sens, with the primacy of the Gauls and of See also:Germany, and created him See also:vicar apostolic. In Hincmar's eyes this was an encroachment on the See also:jurisdiction of the archbishops, and it was against this primacy that he directed his treatise De jure metro politanorum. At the same time he wrote a life of St See also:Remigius, in which he endeavoured by audacious falsifications to prove the supremacy of the church of Reims over the other churches. Charles the Bald, however, upheld the rights of
Ansegisus at the synod of Ponthion. Although Hincmar had been very hostile to Charles's expedition into See also:Italy, he figured among his testamentary executors and helped to secure the sub-See also:mission of the nobles to Louis the Stammerer, whom he crowned at Compiegne (8th of See also:December 877).
During the reign of Louis, Hincmar played an obscure part. He supported the See also:accession of Louis III. and See also:Carloman, but had a dispute with Louis, who wished to instal a See also:candidate in the episcopal see of Beauvais without the archbishop's assent. To Carloman, on his accession in 882, Hincmar addressed his De ordine palatii, partly based on a treatise (now lost) by Adalard, abbot of See also:Corbie (c. 814), in which he set forth his See also:system of See also:government and his See also:opinion of the duties of a sovereign, a subject he had already touched in his De regis persona et regio ministerio; dedicated to Charles the Bald at an unknown date, and in his Instructio ad Ludovicum regem, addressed to Louis the Stammerer on his accession in 877. In the autumn of 882 an irruption of the See also:Normans forced the old archbishop to take See also:refuge at See also:Epernay, where he died on the 21st of December 882. Hincmar was a prolific writer. Besides the See also:works already mentioned, he was the author of several theological tracts; of the De See also:villa Noviliaco, concerning the claiming of a domain of his church; and he continued from 861 the Annales Bertiniani, of which the first part was written by See also:Prudentius, bishop of Troyes, the best source for the history of Charles the Bald. He also wrote a great number of letters, some of which are extant, and others embodied in the See also:chronicles of See also:Flodoard.
Hincmar's works, which are the See also:principal source for the history of his life, were collected by Jacques See also:Sirmond (See also:Paris, 1645), and reprinted by See also:Migne, See also:Patrol. See also:Latina, vol. cxxv. and cxxvi. See also C. von Noorden, Hinkmar, Erzbischof von Reims (See also:Bonn, 1863), and, especially, H. Schrors, Hinkmar, Erzbischof von Reims (Freiburgim-Brcisgau, 1884). For Hincmar's political and ecclesiastical theories see See also:preface to See also:Maurice Prou's edition of the De ordine palatii (Paris, 1885), and the See also:abbe See also:Leslie, La Hierarchic episcopale en Garde et en Germanic (Paris, 1905). (R.
End of Article: HINCMAR (c. 805-882)
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!