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See also:INNOCENT III . (Lotario de' See also:Conti di Segni), See also:pope from 1198 to 1216, was the son of Trasimondo, See also:count of Segni, and of Claricia, a See also:Roman See also:lady of the See also:noble See also:family of Scotti, and was See also:born at Anagni about 116o. His See also:early See also:education he received at See also:Rome, whence he went to the university of See also:Paris and subsequently to that of See also:Bologna. At Paris, where he attended the lectures of See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter of See also:Corbeil, he laid the See also:foundations of his profound knowledge of the scholastic See also:philosophy; at Bologna he acquired an equally profound knowledge of the See also:canon and See also:civil See also:law. Thus distinguished by See also:birth, See also:intellect and attainments, on his return to Rome he See also:rose rapidly in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. He at once became a canon of St Peter's; he was made subdeacon of the Roman Church by See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory VIII.; and in 1190 his See also:uncle, Pope See also:Clement III., created him See also:cardinal-See also:deacon of Santi Sergio e Baccho. The See also:election of See also:Celestine III. in the following See also:year withdrew Lotario for a while from the active See also:work of the See also:Curia, the new pope belonging to the family of the See also:Orsini, who were at See also:feud with the Scotti. Lotario, however, employed his leisure in See also:writing several See also:works: Mysleriorum evangelicae legis ac sacramenti eucharistiae libri VI., De contemtu mundi, site de miseria humanae conditionis, and De quadrapartita specie nuptiarum. Of these only the two first are extant; they are written in the scholastic See also:style, a See also:sea of quotations balanced and compared, and they See also:witness at once to the writer's profound erudition and to the fact that his mind had not yet emancipated itself from the morbid tendencies characteristic of one aspect of See also:medieval thought. Yet Lotario was destined to be above all things a See also:man of See also:action, and, though his activities to the end were inspired by impracticable ideals, they were in their effects intensely See also:practical; and Innocent III. is remembered, not as a See also:great theologian, but as a great ruler and man of affairs.
On the 8th of See also:January 1198 Celestine III. died, and on the same See also:day Lotario, though not even a See also:priest, was unanimously elected pope by the assembled cardinals. He took the name of Innocent III. On the 21St of See also:February he was ordained priest, and on the 22nd consecrated See also:bishop. Innocent was but See also:thirty-seven years old at this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and the vigour of youth, guided by a See also:master mind, was soon apparent in the policy, of the papacy.
Innocent kept in his own hands, instituting the new archbishopric of See also:Riga and defining the respective jurisdictions of the See also:arch-bishops and the See also:Teutonic Knights, a See also:process which, owing to the See also:ignorance at Rome of the See also:local See also:geography, led to curious confusion.
Another crusade, horrible in its incidents and momentous in its consequences, was that proclaimed by Innocent in 1207 against the Albigenses. In this connexion all that can be said in his favour is that he acted from supreme conviction; that the heresies against which he appealed to the See also:sword were really subversive of See also:Christian See also:civilization; and that he did not use force until for ten years he had tried all the arts of persuasion in vain (see ALBIGENSES).
Of all Innocent's triumphs, however, the greatest was his victory over See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:John of See also:England. The See also:quarrel between the pope and the See also:English king arose out of a dispute as to the election to the vacant see of See also:Canterbury, which Innocent had settled by nominating See also:Stephen See also:Langton over the heads of both candidates. John refusing to submit, Innocent imposed an See also:interdict on the See also:kingdom and threatened him with a crusade; and, to avert a worse See also:fate, the English king not only consented to recognize Langton but also to hold England and See also:Ireland as fiefs of the See also:Holy See, subject to an See also:annual See also:tribute (May 1213). The sub-See also:mission was no idle See also:form; for years the pope virtually ruled England through his legates (see ENGLISH See also:HISTORY and JOHN, king of England). So great had the See also:secular See also:power of the papacy become that a See also:Byzantine visitor to Rome declared Innocent to be " the successor not of Peter but of See also:Constantine."
As in the affairs of the See also:world at large, so also in those of the church itself, Innocent's authority exceeded that of all his predecessors. Under him the centralization of the ecclesiastical See also:administration at Rome received a great impulse, and the See also:independent See also:jurisdiction of metropolitans and bishops was greatly curtailed. In carrying out this policy his unrivalled knowledge of the canon law gave him a great See also:advantage. To his See also:desire to organize the discipline of the church was due the most questionable of his expedients: the introduction of the See also:system of provisions and reservations, by which he sought to bring the patronage of See also:sees and benefices into his own hands—a system which led later to intolerable abuses.
The year before Innocent's See also:death the twelfth ecumenical See also:council assembled at the Lateran under his See also:presidency. It was a wonderful See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof at once of the world-power of the pope and of his undisputed See also:personal ascendancy. It was attended by the plenipotentiaries of the See also:emperor, of See also:kings and of princes, and by some 1500 archbishops, bishops, abbots and other dignitaries. The business before it, the disciplining of heretics and See also:Jews, and the See also:proclamation of a new crusade, &c., vitally concerned the states represented; yet there was virtually no debate and the See also:function of the great See also:assembly was little more than to listen to and endorse the See also:decretals read by the pope (see LATERAN See also:COUNCILS). Shortly after this crowning See also:exhibition of his power the great pope died on the 16th of See also:July 1216.
Innocent III. is one of the greatest See also:historical figures, both in the grandeur of his aims and the force of See also:character which brought him so near to their realization. An appreciation of his work and See also:personality will be found in the See also:article PAPACY; here it will suffice to say that, whatever See also:judgment posterity may have passed on his aims, See also:opinion is See also:united as to the purity of the motives that inspired them and the tireless self-devotion with which they were pursued. " I have no leisure," Innocent once sighed, " to meditate on supermundane things; scarce I can breathe. Yea, so much must I live for others, that almost I am a stranger to myself." Yet he preached frequently, both at Rome and on his journeys—many of his sermons, inspired by a high moral earnestness, have come down to us—and, towards the end of his See also:life, he found time to write a pious exposition of the See also:Psalms. His views on the papal supremacy are best explained in his own words. Writing to the See also:patriarch of See also:Constantinople (See also:Inn.
III., See also:lib. ii. ep. 200) he says: " The See also:Lord See also:left to Peter the governance not of the church only but of the whole world; "and again in his See also:letter to King John of England (lib. xvi. ep. 131): " The King of Kings . . . so established the kingship and the priesthood in the church, that the kingship should be priestly, and the priesthood royal (ut sacerdotale sit regnum et sacerdotium sit regale), as is evident from the See also:epistle of Peter and the law of See also:Moses, setting one over all, whom he appointed his See also:vicar on See also:earth." In his See also:answer to the ambassadors of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Augustus he states the premises from which this stupendous claim is logically See also:developed:
" To princes power is given on earth, but to priests it is attributed also in See also:heaven; to the former only over bodies, to the latter also over souls. Whence it follows that by so much as the soul is See also:superior to the See also:body, the priesthood is superior to the kingship.... Single rulers have single provinces, and single kings single kingdoms; but Peter, as in the plenitude, so in the extent of his power is pre-eminent over all, since he is the Vicar of Him whose is the earth and the fullness thereof, the whole wide world and all that dwell therein."
To the emperor of Constantinople, who quoted I Peter ii. 13, 14, to the contrary, he replied in perfect See also:good faith that the apostle's admonition to obey " the king as supreme was addressed to See also:lay folk and not to the See also:clergy." The more intelligent laymen of the time were not convinced even when coerced. Even so pious a See also:Catholic as the minnesinger See also:Walther von der Vogelweide, giving See also:voice to the indignation of See also:German laymen, ascribed Innocent's claims, not to soundness of his scholastic See also:logic, but to the fact that he was " too See also:young " (owe der babest ist ze junc).
The literature on Innocent III. is very extensive; a carefully analysed bibliography will be found in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (3rd ed., 1901) s. " Innocenz III." In A. See also:Potthast, Bibliotheca hist. med. aevi (2nd ed., See also:Berlin, 1896), p. 65o, is a bibliography of the literature on Innocent's writings. In the Corpus See also:juris canonici, ed. See also:Aemilius See also:Friedberg (See also:Leipzig, 1881), vol. ii., pp. xiv.-xvii., are lists of the See also:official documents of Innocent III. excerpted in the Decretales Gregorii IX. The most important later works on Innocent III. are Achille See also:Luchaire's Innocent III, Rome et 1'Italie (Paris, 1904), Innocent III, la croisade See also:des Albigeois (ib. 1905), Innocent III, la papaute et 1'See also:empire (ib. 1906), Innocent III, la question d'orzent (ib. 1906); Innocent III, See also:les royautes vassales du See also:Saint-See also:Siege (ib. 1908) ; and Innocent III, la concile de latran et la reforme de l'eglise (1908) ; Innocent the Great, by C. H. C. Pirie-See also:Gordon (See also:London, 1907); is the only English monograph on this pope and contains some useful documents, but is otherwise of little value. See also H. H. See also:Milman, History of Latin See also:Christianity, vol. v.; F. See also:Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:Middle Ages, translated by A. See also:- HAMILTON
- HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
- HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
- HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
- HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
- HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
- HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
- HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
- HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
- HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
- HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
- HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
- HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
- HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)
Hamilton (1896), vol. v. pp. 5-110; J. C. L. See also:Gieseler, Ecclesiastical Hist., translated by J. W. See also:Hull, vol. iii. (See also:Edinburgh, 1853), which contains numerous excerpts from his letters, &c. Innocent's works are found in See also:Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Completus, See also:Series See also:Latina, vols. ccxiv.-ccxvii. For a See also:translation of Innocent's answer to King John on the interdict, and John's surrender of England and Ireland to Innocent, see See also:Gee and See also:Hardy, Documents illustrative of Church History (London, 1896), pp. 73 et seq. (W. A.
End of Article: INNOCENT III
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