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See also:INNOCENT IV . (Sinibaldo See also:Fiesco), See also:pope 1243-1254, belonged to the See also:noble Genoese See also:family of the See also:counts of See also:Lavagna. See also:Born at See also:Genoa, he was educated under the care of his See also:uncle Opizo, See also:bishop of See also:Parma. After taking orders at Parma, when he was made See also:canon of the See also:cathedral, he studied See also:jurisprudence at See also:Bologna. His first recorded See also:appearance in See also:political affairs was in 1218-1219, when he was associated with See also:Cardinal.Hugolinus (afterwards See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory IX.) in negotiating a See also:peace between Genoa and See also:Pisa. This led to his rapid promotion. In 1223 Pope See also:Honorius III. gave him a See also:benefice in Parma, and in 1226 he was established at the See also:curia as auditor contradictarum literarum of the pope, a See also:post he held also under Gregory IX., until promoted (1227) to be See also:vice-See also:chancellor of the See also:Roman See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. In See also:September of the same See also:year he was created cardinal See also:priest of See also:San Lorenzo in See also:Lucina. He was papal See also:rector (See also:governor) of the See also:March of See also:Ancona from 1235 to 1240. On the 25th of See also:June 1243 he was elected pope by the cardinals assembled at Anagni.
Innocent was raised to the See also:Holy See when it was at deadly See also:feud with the See also:emperor See also:Frederick II., who See also:lay under See also:excommunication. Frederick at first greeted the See also:elevation of a member of an imperialist family with joy; but it was soon clear that Innocent intended to carry on the traditions of his predecessors. Embassies and courtesies were, indeed, interchanged, and on the 31st of March 1244 a treaty was signed at See also:Rome, whereby the emperor undertook to satisfy the pope's claims in return for his own See also:absolution from the See also:ban. Neither See also:side, however,
was prepared to take the first steps to carry out the agreement, and Innocent, who had ventured back to Rome, began to feel unsafe in the See also:city, where the imperial partisans had the ascendancy. Fearing a See also:plan to kidnap him, he See also:left Rome, ostensibly to meet the emperor, and from See also:Sutri fled by See also:night on horseback, pursued by 300 of the emperor's See also:cavalry, to Civitavecchia, whence he took See also:ship for Genoa and thence proceeded across the See also:Alps to See also:Lyons, at that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time a merely nominal dependence of the See also:Empire. Thence he wrote to the See also:French See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis IX., asking for an See also:asylum in See also:France; but this Louis cautiously refused. Innocent, therefore, remained at Lyons, whence he issued a See also:summons to a See also:general See also:council, before which he cited Frederick to appear in See also:person, or by See also:deputy. The council, which met on the 5th of June 1245, was attended only by those prepared to support the pope's cause; and though Frederick condescended to be represented by his See also:justiciar, Thaddeus of Suessa, the See also:judgment was a foregone conclusion. On the 17th of See also:July Innocent formally renewed the See also:sentence of excommunication on the emperor, and declared him deposed from the imperial See also:throne and that of See also:Naples. Frederick retorted by announcing his intention of reducing " the See also:clergy, especially the highest, to a See also:state of apostolic poverty," and by ordaining the severest punishments for those priests who should obey the papal sentence. Innocent thereupon proclaimed a crusade against the emperor and armed his ubiquitous agents, the Franciscan and Dominican friars, with See also:special indulgences for all those who should take up the See also:cross against the imperial heretic. At the same time he did all in his See also:power to undermine Frederick's authority in See also:Germany and See also:Italy. In Naples he fomented a See also:conspiracy among the feudal lords, who were discontented with the centralized See also:government established under the auspices of Frederick's chancellor, See also:Piero della Vigna. In Germany, at his instigation, the archbishops with a few of the See also:secular nobles in 1246 elected See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Raspe, See also:landgrave of Thuringia, See also:German king; but the " priests' king," as he was contemptuously called, died in the following year, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William II., See also:count of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, being after some delay elected by the papal party in his See also:stead.
Innocent's relentless See also:war against Frederick was not supported by the lay See also:opinion of his time. In Germany, where it wrought havoc and misery, it increased the already See also:bitter resentment against the priests. From See also:England the pope's See also:legate was driven by threats of See also:personal violence. In France not even the saintly King Louis IX., who made several vain attempts to mediate, approved the pope's attitude; and the failure of the crusade which, in 1245. he led against the Mussulmans in See also:Egypt, was, with See also:reason, ascribed to the deflection of See also:money and arms from this purpose to the war against the emperor. Even the clergy were by no means altogether on Innocent's side; the council of Lyons was attended by but 15o bishops, mainly French and See also:Spanish, and the deputation from England, headed by See also:Robert Grossetete of See also:Lincoln and See also:Roger See also:Bigod, came mainly in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to obtain the See also:canonization of See also:Edmund of See also:Canterbury and to protest against papal exactions. Yet, for better or for worse, Innocent triumphed. His See also:financial position was from the outset strong, for not only had he the See also:revenue from the accustomed papal clues but he had also the support of the powerful religious orders; e.g. in See also:November 124$ he visited the See also:abbey of See also:Cluny and was presented by the See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot with gifts, the value of which surprised even the papal officials. At first the war went in Frederick's favour; then came the See also:capture of the strategically important city of Parma by papal partisans (June 16th, 1247). From this moment See also:fortune changed. On the 15th of See also:February 1248 Frederick's See also:camp before Parma (the temporary See also:town of See also:Vittoria) was taken and sacked, the imperial insignia—of vast significance in those days—being captured. From this See also:blow the emperor never recovered; and when on the 13th of See also:December 1250 he died Innocent greeted the See also:news by quoting from See also:Psalm xcvi. 11, " Let the heavens rejoice and let the See also:earth be glad."
On the 19th of See also:April 1251 Innocent left Lyons, which had suffered severely from his presence, and returned to Italy.
Ile continued the struggle vigorously with Frederick's son andsuccessor, See also:Conrad IV., who in 1252 descended into Italy, reduced the rebellious cities and claimed the imperial See also:crown. Innocent, determined that the See also:Hohenstaufen should not again dominate Italy, offered the crown of See also:Sicily in turn to See also:Richard of See also:Cornwall, See also:Charles of See also:Anjou, and Henry III. of England, the last of whom accepted the doubtful See also:gift for his son Edmund. Even after Conrad's capture of Naples Innocent remained inexorable; for he feared that Rome itself might fall into the hands of the German king. But fortune favoured him. On the 20th of May 12J4 Conrad died, leaving his See also:infant son See also:Conradin, as Henry VI. had left Frederick II., under the pope's guardianship. Innocent accepted the See also:charge and posed as the See also:champion of the infant king. He held, indeed, to his bargain with Henry III. and, with all too characteristic nepotism, exercised his rights over the Sicilian See also:kingdom by nominating his own relations to its most important offices. Finally, when See also:Manfred, who by Frederick's will had been charged with the government of the two Sicilies, See also:felt obliged to acknowledge the pope's See also:suzerainty, Innocent threw off the See also:mask, ignored Conradin's claims, and on the 24th of See also:October formally asserted his own claims to See also:Calabria and Sicily. He entered Naples on the 27th; but meanwhile Manfred had fled and had raised a considerable force; and the news of his initial successes against the papal troops reached Innocent as he lay sick and hastened his end. He died on the 7th of December 12J4.
Innocent IV. is comparable to his greater predecessor Innocent III. mainly in the extreme assertion of the papal claims. " The emperor," he wrote, " doubts and denies that all men and all things are subject to the See of Rome. As if we who are See also:judges of angels are not to give sentence on earthly things. . . . The ignorant assert that See also:Constantine first gave temporal power to the See of Rome; it was already bestowed by See also:Christ Himself, the true King and Priest, as inalienable from its nature and absolutely unconditional. Christ established not only a pontifical but a royal See also:sovereignty (principatus) and committed to blessed See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter and his successors the empire both of earth and See also:heaven, as is sufficiently proved by the See also:plurality of the keys " (Codex epist. Vatic. No. 49J7, 49, quoted in See also:Raumer, Hohenstaufen, iv. 78). But this See also:language, which in the mouth of Innocent III. had been consecrated by the greatness of his See also:character and aims, was less impressive when it served as a cloak for an unlimited personal ambition and a family See also:pride which displayed itself in unblushing nepotism. Yet in some respects Innocent IV. carried on the high traditions of his See also:great predecessors. Thus he admonished Sancho II. of See also:Portugal to turn from his evil courses and, when the king disobeyed, absolved the Portuguese from their See also:allegiance, bestowing the crown on his See also:brother See also:Alphonso. He also established an ecclesiastical organization in the newly converted provinces of See also:Prussia, which he divided into four dioceses; but his See also:attempt to govern the Baltic countries through a legate See also:broke on the opposition of the See also:Teutonic Order, whose rights in Prussia he had confirmed.
It was Innocent IV. who, at the council of Lyons, first bestowed the red See also:hat on the Roman cardinals, as a See also:symbol of their readiness to See also:shed their See also:blood in the cause of the church.
Innocent was a canon lawyer of some See also:eminence. His small See also:work De exceptiouibus was probably written before he became pope; but the Apparatus in quinque libros decretalium, which displays both See also:practical sense and a remarkable mastery of the available materials, was written at Lyons immediately after the council. His Apologeticus, a See also:defence of the papal claims against the Empire, written—as is supposed—in refutation of Piero della Vigna's See also:argument in favour of the See also:independence of the Empire, has been lost. Innocent was also a notable See also:patron of learning', he encouraged See also:Alexander of See also:Hales to write his Summa universae theologize, did much for the See also:universities, notably the See also:Sorbonne, and founded See also:law See also:schools at Rome and See also:Piacenza.
Innocent's letters, the See also:chief source for his See also:life, are collected by E. Berger in See also:Les Registres d'Innocent IV (3 vols., See also:Paris, 1884-1887). For See also:English readers the See also:account in See also:Milman's Latin See also:Christianity, vol. vi. (3rd ed., 1864) is still useful. Full references will be found in See also:Herzog-I-Iauck, Realencyklopadic, vol. ix,. (1901). (W. A.
End of Article: INNOCENT IV
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