|
See also:LOTHAIR II . or III. (c. 1070-1137), surnamed the " Saxon," See also:Roman See also:emperor, son of Gebhard, See also:count of Supplinburg, belonged to a See also:family possessing extensive lands around Helmstadt in See also:Saxony, to which he succeeded on his See also:father's See also:death in 1075. Gebhard had been a leading opponent of the emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV. in Saxony, and his son, taking the same attitude, assisted Egbert II., See also:margrave of See also:Meissen, in the rising of 1o88. The position and See also:influence of Lothair in Saxony, already considerable, was increased when in 11oo he married Richenza, daughter of Henry, count of Nordheim, who became an heiress on her father's death in for, and inherited other estates when her See also:brother See also:Otto died childless in 1116. Having assisted the See also:German See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, Henry V., against his father in 1104, Lothair was appointed See also:duke of Saxony by Henry, when Duke See also:Magnus, the last of the Billungs, died in 1106. His first care was to establish hisauthority over some districts See also:east of the See also:Elbe; and quickly making himself See also:independent of the king, he stood forth as the representative of the Saxon See also:race. This attitude brought him into collision with Henry V., to whom, however, he was forced to submit after an unsuccessful rising in 1112. A second rising was caused when, on the death of See also:Ulrich II., count of See also:Weimar and Orlamunde, without issue in 1112, Henry seized these counties as vacant fiefs of the See also:empire, while Lothair supported the claim of Siegfried, count of Ballenstadt, whose See also:mother was a relative of Ulrich. The rebels were defeated, and Siegfried was killed at Warnstadt in 1113, but his son secured See also:possession of the disputed counties. After the defeat by Lothair of Henry's forces at Welfesholz on the 11th of See also:February 1115, events called Henry to See also:Italy; and Lothair appears to have been undisturbed in Saxony until 1123, when the death of Henry II., margrave of Meissen and See also:Lusatia raised a dispute as to the right of See also:appointment to the vacant margraviates. A struggle ensued, in which victory remained with the duke. The Saxony policy of Lothair during these years had been to make himself independent, and to extend his authority; to this end he allied himself with the papal party, and easily revived the traditional hostility of the See also:Saxons to the Franconian emperors.
When Henry V. died in 1125, Lothair, after a protracted See also:election, was chosen German king at See also:Mainz on the 3oth of See also:August 1125. His, election was largely owing to the efforts of See also:Adalbert, See also:archbishop of Mainz, and the papal party, who disliked the candidature of Henry's See also:nephew and See also:heir, See also:Frederick II. of See also:Hohenstaufen, duke of See also:Swabia. The new king was crowned at See also:Aix-la-Chapelle on the 13th of See also:September 1125. Before suffering a severe See also:reverse, brought about by his interference in the See also:internal affairs of Bohemia, Lothair requested Frederick of Hohenstaufen to restore to the See also:crown the estates bequeathed to him by the emperor Henry V. Frederick refused, and was placed under the See also:ban. Lothair, unable to See also:capture See also:Nuremberg, gained the support of Henry the Proud, the new duke of See also:Bavaria, by giving him his daughter, Gertrude, in See also:marriage, and that of See also:Conrad, count of See also:Zahringen, by granting him the See also:administration of the See also:kingdom of See also:Burgundy, or See also:Arles. As a counterstroke, however, Conrad of Hohenstaufen, the brother of Frederick, was chosen German king in See also:December 1127, and was quickly recognized in See also:northern Italy. But Lothair gained the upper See also:hand in See also:Germany, and by the end of 1129 the Hohenstaufen strongholds, Nuremberg and See also:Spires, were in his possession. This struggle was accompanied by disturbances in See also:Lorraine, Saxony and Thuringia, but See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order was soon restored after the resistance of the Hohenstaufen had been beaten down. In 1131 the king led an expedition into See also:Denmark, where one of his vassals had been murdered by Magnus, son of the Danish king, Niels, and where See also:general confusion reigned; but no resistance was offered, and Niels promised to pay See also:tribute to Lothair.
The king's See also:attention at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time was called to Italy where two popes, See also:Innocent II. and Anacletus II., were clamouring for his support. At first Lothair, fully occupied with the affairs of Germany, remained heedless and neutral; but in See also:March 113r he was visited at See also:Liege by Innocent, to whom he promised his assistance. See also:Crossing the See also:Alps with a small See also:army in September 1132, he reached See also:Rome in March 1133, accompanied by Innocent. As St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter's was held by Anacletus, Lothair's See also:coronation as emperor took See also:place on the 4th of See also:June 1133 in the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of the Lateran. He then received as papal fiefs the vast estates of See also:Matilda, marchioness of See also:Tuscany, thus securing for his daughter and her Well See also:husband lands which might otherwise have passed to the Hohenstaufen. His efforts to continue the See also:investiture controversy were not very serious. He returned to Germany, where he restored order in Bavaria, and made an expedition against some rebels in the regions of the See also:lower See also:Rhine. Resuming the struggle against the Hohenstaufen, Lothair soon obtained the submission of the See also:brothers, who retained their lands, and a general See also:peace was sworn at See also:Bamberg. The emperor's authority was now generally recognized, and the See also:annalists speak highly of the peace and order of his later years. In 1135, See also:Eric II., king of Denmark, acknowledged himself a See also:vassal of Lothair;
Boleslaus III., See also:prince of the Poles, promised tribute and received See also:Pomerania and See also:Rugen as German fiefs; while the eastern emperor, See also:John See also:Comnenus, implored Lothair's aid against See also:Roger II. of See also:Sicily.
The emperor seconded the efforts of his vassals, See also:Albert the See also:Bear, margrave of the Saxon See also:north See also:mark, and Conrad I., margrave of Meissen and Lusatia, to extend the authority of the Germans in the districts east of the Elbe, and assisted Norbert, archbishop of See also:Magdeburg, and Albert I., archbishop of See also:Bremen, to spread See also:Christianity. In August 1136, attended by a large army, Lothair set out upon his second See also:Italian See also:journey. The Lombard cities were either terrified into submission or taken by See also:storm; Roger II. was driven from See also:Apulia; and the imperial See also:power enforced over the whole of See also:southern Italy. A See also:mutiny among the German soldiers and a See also:breach with Innocent concerning the overlordship of Apulia compelled the emperor to retrace his steps. An arrangement was made with regard to Apulia, after which Lothair, returning to Germany, died at Breitenwang, a See also:village in the See also:Tirol, on the 3rd or 4th of December 1137. His See also:body was carried to Saxony and buried in the monastery which he had founded at See also:Konigslutter. Lothair was a strong and capable ruler, who has been described as the " imitator and heir of the first Otto." Contemporaries praise his See also:justice and his virtue, and his reign was regarded, especially by Saxons and churchmen, as a See also:golden See also:age for Germany.
The See also:main authorities for the See also:life and reign of Lothair are: " Vita Norberti archiepiscopi Magdeburgensis "; Otto von See also:Freising, Chronicon Annalista Saxo " and " Narratio de electione Lotharii " all in the Monumenta Germaniae historica. Scriptores, Bande vi., xii. and xx. (See also:Hanover and See also:Berlin, 1826—1892). The best See also:modern See also:works are: L von See also:Ranke, Weltgeschichte, pt, viii. (See also:Leipzig, 1887.-1888); W. von See also:Giesebrecht, Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit, See also:Band iv. (See also:Brunswick, 1877), Band v. (Leipzig, 1888) ; Ph. Jaffe, Geschichte See also:des Deutschen Reiches unter Lothar (Berlin, 1843); W. Bernhardi, Lothar von Supplinburg (Leipzig, 1879) ; O. von Heinemann, Lothar der Sachse and Konrad III. (See also:Halle, 1869) ; and Ch. Volkmar, " Das Verhaltniss Lothars III. zur Investiturfrage," in the Forschungen zur Deutschen Geschichte, Band See also:xxvi. (See also:Gottingen, 1862—1886).
End of Article: LOTHAIR II
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!