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MILITARY OPERATIONS

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Originally appearing in Volume V09, Page 127 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MILITARY OPERATIONS 1885–96] See also:

Kassala on the 17th of that See also:month, and continued to hold it for three years and a See also:half. The Abyssinian Frontier.—On the Abyssinian frontier See also:Ras Adal was in command of a considerable force of Abyssinians See also:early in 1886, and in See also:June of that See also:year he invaded See also:Gallabat and defeated the dervishes on the See also:plain of Madana; the See also:dervish See also:amir Mahommed See also:Wad Ardal was killed and his See also:camp captured. In the following year the amir Yunis ed Dekeim made two successful raids into Abyssinian territory, upon which Ras Ada! collected an enormous See also:army, said to number 200,000 men, for the invasion of the See also:Sudan. The See also:khalifa sent the amir Hamdan See also:Abu Angar, a very skilful See also:leader, with an army of over 8o,00o men against him. Abu Angar entered See also:Abyssinia and, in See also:August 1887, attacked Ras Adal in the plain of Debra See also:Sin and, after a prolonged See also:battle, defeated the Abyssinians, captured their camp, and marched on See also:Gondar, the See also:ancient See also:capital of Abyssinia, which he sacked, and then returned into Gallabat. See also:King See also:John, the See also:negus of Abyssinia, burning to avenge this defeat, marched, in See also:February 1889, with an enormous army to Gallabat, where the amir Zeki Tumal commanded the khalifa's forces, some 60,000 strong, and had strongly fortified the See also:town and the camp. On the 9th of See also:March 1889 the Abyssinians made a terrific onslaught, stormed and burnt the town, and took thousands of prisoners. A small party of dervishes still held a zeriba when King John was struck by a stray See also:bullet. The Abyssinians decided to retire, fighting ceased, and they moved off with their prisoners and the wounded negus. That See also:night the king died, and the greater See also:part of the army having gone ahead with the prisoners, a party of See also:Arabs pursued the rearguard, which consisted of the king's bodyguard, routed them, and captured the king's See also:body, which was sent to See also:Omdurman to confirm the See also:report of a brilliant victory sent by Zeki Tumal to the khalifa. See also:Internal strife prevented the new negus of Abyssinia from prosecuting the See also:war, which thus, in spite of the Abyssinian success, resulted in the increased See also:prestige of the khalifa. From this See also:time, however, the dervishes ceased to trouble the Abyssinians.

See also:

Darfur and See also:Kordofan.—On the outbreak of the See also:mandi's See also:rebellion See also:Slatin See also:Bey was See also:governor of the See also:province, and when Madibbo, the insurgent See also:sheikh of Rizighat, attacked and occupied Shakka and was following up his success, Slatin twice severely defeated him, and, having concentrated his forces at El Fasher, repulsed the enemy again at Om Shanga. Mandism, however, spread over Darfur in spite of Slatin's efforts to stay it. He fought no fewer than twenty-seven actions in various parts of his province, but his own troops, in course of time, became infected with the new faith and deserted him. He was obliged to surrender at Dara in See also:December 1883, and was a prisoner, first at Obeid and then at Omdurman, until he escaped in 1895. In See also:January 1884 Zogal, the new dervish amir of the province, attacked El Fasher, where Said Bey Guma and an See also:Egyptian See also:garrison moo strong with 10 uns was still holding out, and captured it. He also reduced the See also:Jebel Marra See also:district, where the loyal See also:hill-See also:people gave him some trouble. After the See also:death of the mandi in 1885, Madibbo revolted against the khalifa, but was defeated by Karamalla, the dervish amir of the See also:Bahr-el-Ghazal, and was caught and executed. A war then sprang up between Karamalla and See also:Sultan Yusef, who had succeeded Zogal as amir of Darfur. Yusef was joined in 1887 by Sultan Zayid, the See also:black ruler of Jebel Marra, and Karamalla's trusted See also:general, Ketenbur, was defeated with See also:great slaughter at El Towaish on the 29th of June 1887. See also:Osman wad See also:Adam (Ganu), amir of Kordofan, was sent by the khalifa to Karamalla's assistance. He forced back the Darfurians near Dara on the 26th of December, routed Zayid in a second battle, entered El Fasher, and, in 1888, became See also:complete See also:master of the situation, the two sultans being killed. The Darfurian chiefs then allied themselves with Abu Gemaiza, sheikh of the Masalit Arabs, who had proclaimed himself " Khalifa Osman," and was known as the See also:anti-mandi.

The revolt assumed large proportions, and became the more dangerous to Abdullah, the khalifa, by See also:

reason of its religious See also:character, See also:wild rumours spreading over the See also:country and reaching to See also:Egypt and See also:Suakin of the See also:advent to See also:power of an opposition mandi. Abu Gemaiza attacked a portion of Osman Adam's force, under Abd-el-Kader, at Kebkebia, 30 M. from El Fasher, and almost annihilated it on the 16th of See also:October 1888; and a See also:week later another large force of Osman Adam met with the same See also:fate at the same See also:place. Instead of following up his victories, Abu Gemaiza retired to See also:Dar Tama to See also:augment his army, to which thousands flocked as the See also:news of his achievements spread far and wide. He again advanced to El Fasher in February 1889, but was seized with smallpox. His army, however, under Fiki Adam, fought a fierce battle See also:close to El Fasher on the 22nd, which resulted in its defeat and See also:dispersion, and Abu Gemaiza himself dying the following See also:day, the See also:movement collapsed. In 1891 Darfur and Kordofan were again disturbed, and Sultan Abbas succeeded in turning the dervishes out of the Jebel Marra district. Two years later a See also:saint of See also:Sokoto, Abu Naal Muzil el Muhan, collected many followers and for a time threatened the khalifa's power, but the revolt gradually died out. The Bahr-el-Ghazal.—The first outbreak in favour of Mandism in the Bahr-el-Ghazal took place at Liffi in August 1882, when the See also:Dinka tribe, under Jango, revolted and was defeated by Lupton ,Bey with considerable slaughter at Tel Gauna, and again in 1883 I27 near Liffi. In See also:September of that year Lupton's See also:captain, Rufai See also:Aga, was massacred with all his men at Dembo, and Lupton, See also:short of See also:ammunition, was forced to retire to Dem Suliman, where he was completely cut off from See also:Khartum. After gallantly fighting for eighteen months he was compelled by the defection of his troops to surrender on the 21st of See also:April 1884 to Karamalla, the dervish amir of the province. He died at Omdurman in 1888. In 1890 the Shilluks in the neighbourhood of See also:Fashoda See also:rose against the khalifa, and the dervish amir of Gallabat, Zeki Tumal, was engaged for two years in suppressing the rebellion.

He got the upper See also:

hand in 1892, and was recalled to oppose an See also:Italian force said to be advancing from See also:Massawa; but on See also:reporting that it was impossible to invade See also:Eritrea, as the khalifa wished him to do, he was summoned to Omdurman and put to death. The country then relapsed into its See also:original barbarous See also:condition, and dervish See also:influence was nominal only. In 1892 the See also:Congo See also:State expedition established posts up to the seventh parallel of See also:north See also:latitude. In 1893 the dervish amir, Abu Mariam, fought with the Dinka tribe and was killed and his force destroyed, the fugitives taking See also:refuge in Shakka. In the following year the Congo expedition established further posts, and in consequence the khalifa sent 3000 men, under the amir Khatem Musa, from Shakka to reoccupy the Bahr-el-Ghazal. The Belgians at Liffi retired before him, and he entered Faroga. See also:Famine and disease See also:broke out in Khatem Musa's camp in 1895, and a See also:retreat was made towards Kordofan. Equatoria.—In the See also:Equatorial Province, which extended from the See also:Albert See also:Nyanza to Lado, Emin Bey, who had a force of 1300 Egyptian troops and 3000 irregulars, distributed among many stations, held out, hoping for reinforcements. In March 1885, however, Amadi See also:fell to the dervishes, and on the 18th of April Karamalla arrived near Lado, the capital, and sent to inform Emin of the fall of Khartum. Emin and Captain Casati, an Italian, moved See also:south to See also:Wadelai, giving up the See also:northern posts, and opened friendly relations with Kabarega, king of See also:Unyoro. On the 26th of February 1886 Emin received despatches from See also:Cairo via See also:Zanzibar, from which he learned all that had occurred during the previous three years, and that " he might take any step he liked, should he decide to leave the country." He determined to remain where he was and " hold together, as See also:long as possible, the remnant of the last ten years." His troops were in a mutinous state, wishing to go north rather than south, as Emin had ordered them to do, and unsuccessfully endeavoured to carry him with them by force. His communications to See also:Europe through Zanzibar led to the See also:relief expedition under H.

M. See also:

Stanley, which went to his See also:rescue by way of the Congo in 1887, and after encountering incredible dangers and experiencing innumerable sufferings, met with Emin and Casati at Nsabe, on the Albert Nyanza, on the 29th of April 1888. Stanley went back in May to pick up his belated rearguard,leaving Mounteney See also:Jephson and a small escort to accompany Emin See also:round his province. The See also:southern garrisons decided to go with Emin, but the troops at Labore mutinied, and a general revolt broke out, headed by Fadl-el-Maula, governor of Fabbo. On arriving at Dufile in August 1888, Emin and Jephson were made prisoners by the Egyptian mutineers. In the meantime the arrival of Stanley at See also:Lake Albert had caused rumours, which quickly spread to Omdurman, of a great invading See also:white See also:pasha, with the result that in See also:July the khalifa sent up the See also:river three steamers and six See also:barges, containing 4000 troops, to oppose this new-corner. In October See also:Omar-Saleh, the Mandist See also:commander, took Rejaf and sent messengers to Dufile to summon Emin to surrender; but on the 15th of See also:November the mutineers released both Emin and Jephson, who returned to Lake Albert with some 600 refugees, and joined Stanley in February 1889. The expedition arrived at Zanzibar at the end of the year. Emin's mutinous troops kept the dervishes at See also:bay between Wadelai and Rejaf, and eventually severely defeated them, See also:driving them back to Rejaf. They did not, however, follow up their victory, and under the leadership of Fadl-el-Maula Bey remained al?out Wadelai, while the dervishes strengthened their See also:post at Rejaf. In 1893 Fadl-el-Maula Bey and many of his men took service with Baert of the Congo State expedition. The bey was killed fighting the dervishes at Wandi in January 1894, and the remnant of his men eventually were found by Captain Thruston from See also:Uganda on the 23rd of March 1894 at Mahagi, on the Albert Nyanza, whither they had drifted from Wadelai in See also:search of supplies.

They were enlisted by Thruston and brought back under the See also:

British See also:flag to Uganda. In consequence of the Franco-Congolese Treaty of 1894, See also:Major See also:Cunningham and See also:Lieutenant Vandeleur were sent from Uganda to Dufile, where they planted the British flag on the 15th of January 1895.

End of Article: MILITARY OPERATIONS

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