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xxvi. 2, 3). It is possible that this is the Gospel of Perfection (Euayyatoo rmXeaWQews) which he touches upon in xxvi. 2. The quotation shows that this gospel was the expression of See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

pantheism. Gospel of See also:

James the Less.—Condemned in the Gelasian Decree.

See also:

WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom of Jesus See also:

Christ.—This third See also:

WORK

work contained in the Coptic MS. referred to under Gospel of See also:

Mary gives cosmological disclosures and is presumably of Valentinian origin. Apocryph of See also:

John.—This See also:

BOOK

book, which is found in the Coptic MS. referred to under Gospel of Mary and contains cosmological disclosures of Christ, is said to have formed the source of See also:

IRENAEUS

Irenaeus' See also:

account of the Gnostics of Barbelus (i. 29-31). Thus this work would have been written before. 170. Gospel of Judas Iscariot.—References to this gospel as in use among the Cainites are made by Irenaeus (i. 31. 1); Epiphanius (xxxviii. 1. 3). Gospel, The Living (Evangelium Vivum).—This was a gospel of the Manichaeans. See Epiphanius, Haer. lxvi.

2; See also:

Photius, Contra See also:

MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich. i. Gospel of See also:

MARCION

Marcion.—On this important gospel see Zahn, Gesch. Kanons, 585-718. Descent of Mary (Fiaaa Mapias).—This book was an See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Jewish See also:

LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend representing See also:

ZACHARIAS, ST

Zacharias as having been put. to See also:

DEATH

death- by the See also:

Jews because he had seen the See also:

God of the. Jews in the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of an See also:

ass in the See also:

temple (Epiphanius, Haer. xxvi. 12). Questions of Mary (See also:

GREAT

Great and Little).—Epiphanius (Haer. xxvi. 8) gives some excerpts from this revolting work. Gospel of Mary.—This gospel is found in a Coptic MS. of the 5th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. According to See also:

Schmidt's See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short account, Sitzungsbcrichte d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu.

See also:

Berlin (1896), pp. 839 sqq., this gospel gives disclosures on the nature of See also:

MATTER

matter (An) and the progress of the Gnostic soul through the seven See also:

PLANETS, MINOR

planets. Gospel of See also:

Matthias.—Though this gospel is attested by Origen (See also:

Horn. in Luc. i.), See also:

Eusebius, H.E. iii. 25. 6, and the See also:

List of Sixty Books, not a shred of it has been preserved, unless with Zahn ii. 751 sqq. we are to identify it with the Traditions of Matthias, from which See also:

Clement has See also:

DRAWN

drawn some quotations. Gospel of Perfection (Evangelium perfectionis).—Used by the followers of Basilides and other Gnostics. See Epiphanius, Haer. See also:

XXV1

xxV1. 2. Gospel of See also:

Philip.—This gospel described the progress of a soul through the next See also:

WORLD

world. It . is of a strongly Encratite See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

DATES

dates from the and century.

A fragment is pre-served in Epiphanius, Haer: xxvi. 13. In Preuschen, Reste, p. 13, the quotation breaks off too soon. See Zahn 761-768. Gospel of Thaddaeus.—Condemned by the Gelasian Decree. Gospel of See also:

Thomas.—Of this gospel only one fragment has been preserved in See also:

Hippolytus, Philos. v., 7, pp. 140 seq. See Zahn, op. Cit. 1. 746 seq.; ii.

768-773; Harnack ii. 593-595. Gospel of Truth.—This gospel is mentioned by Irenaeus i. I r. 9, and was used by the Valentinians. See Zahn i. 748 sqq.. (b) ACTS AND TEACHINGS OF THE APOSTLES. Acts of 'Andrew. —These Acts, which are of a strongly Encratite character, have come down to us in a fragmentary See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition. They belong ti, the earliest ages, for they are mentioned by Eusebius,-H.E. iii. 25; Epiphanius, Haer. xlvii.

1; lxi. 1; lxiii. 2; Philaster, Haer. lxviii., as current among the Manichaeans and heretics. They are attributed to Leucius, a Docetic writer,- by Augustine (c. Felic. Munich. ii. 6) and Euodius (De Fide c. Manich. 38). Euodius in the passage just referred to preserves two :small fragments of the See also:

ORIGINAL

original Acts. On See also:

INTERNAL

internal grounds. the See also:

section recounting Andrew's imprisonment (See also:

Bonnet, Acta Apostolorur. Apocrypha, ii.

38-45) is also probably a constituent of ,the original work. As regards the martyrdom, owing to the confusion introduced by the multitudinous See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic revisions of this section of the Acts, it is practically impossible to restore its original form. For a complete discussion of the various documents see See also:

Lipsius, Apokryphen Apostelgeschichte, i. 543-622; also James in See also:

Hastings' See also:

Bible Dict. 92-93; Hennecke, NT. Apokryphen, in loc. The best texts are given in Bonnet's Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha, 1898, II. i. 1-127. These contain also the Acts of Andrew and Matthew (or Matthias) in which Matthew (or Matthias) is represented as a See also:

CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive in the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of the anthropophagi. Christ takes Andrew and his disciples with Him, and effects the See also:

RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue of Matthew. The legend is found also in Ethiopic, See also:

SYRIAC

Syriac and Anglo-Saxon. Also the Acts of See also:

Peter and Andrew, which among other incidents recount the See also:

MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle of a See also:

CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel passing through the See also:

eye of a See also:

NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle..

This work is preserved partly in See also:

Greek, but in its entirety in See also:

SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic. Acts of John.—Clement of See also:

Alexandria in his Hypotyposes on I John i. r seems to refer to chapters xciii. (or lxxxix.) of these Acts. Eusebius (H.E. iii. 25. 6), Epiphanius (Haer. xvvii. 1) and other See also:

ancient writers assign them to the authorship of Leucius Charinus. It is generally admitted that they ,were written in the 2nd century. The See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text has been edited. most completely by Bonnet, Acta Apostol. Apocr., 1898, 151-216. The contents might be summarized with Hennecke as follows.:—Arrival:and first sojourn of the apostle in See also:

Ephesus (xviii.-lv.);return : to' Ephesus and second sojourn (See also:

HISTORY

history of Drusiana, Iviii.-lxxxvi.); account of the crucifixion of Jesus and His apparent death (lxxxvii.-cv.); the death of John (cvi.-cxv.). There are See also:

MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest gaps in the narrative, a fact which we would infer from the extent assigned to it (i.e.

2500 stichoi) by Nicephorus. According to this authority one-third of the text is now lost. Many chapters are lost at the beginning; there is a See also:

gap in See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter See also:

XXXVII

xxxvii., also before not to mention others. The encratite tendency in these Acts is not so strongly See also:

DEVELOPED

developed as in those of Andrew and Thomas. James (Anecdota, ii. 1-25) has given strong grounds for regarding the Acts of John and Peter as derived from one and the same author, but there are like See also:

AFFINITIES

affinities existing between the Acts of Peter and those of See also:

Paul. For a discussion of this work see Zahn, Gesch. Kanons, ii. 856-865; Lipsius, Apok. Apostelgesch. i. 348-542; Hennecke, NT. Apokryphen, 423-432.

For bibliography, Hennecke, NT. Apok. Handbuch, 492 sq. Acts of Paul.—The See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery of the Coptic See also:

TRANSLATION

translation of these Acts in 1897, and its publication by C. Schmidt (Acta See also:

PAULI, REINHOLD (1823-1882)

Pauli aus der Heidelberger koptischen Pap yrushandschrift herausgegeben, See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1894), have confirmed what had been previously only a See also:

HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis that the Acts of See also:

THECLA, ST

Thecla had formed a See also:

PART

part of the larger Acts of Paul. The Acts therefore embrace now the following elements:—(a) Two quotations given by Origen in his Princip. i.. 2. 3 and his comment on John xx. 12. From the latter it follows that inthe Acts of Paul the death of Peter was recounted.- (b) Apocryphal 3rd See also:

EPISTLE

Epistle of Paul to the See also:

CORINTHIANS

Corinthians and Epistle from the Corinthians to Paul. These two letters are connected by a short account which is intended to give the See also:

HISTORICAL

historical situation. Paul is in See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison on account of Stratonice, the wife of Apollophanes.

The Greek and Latin versions of these letters have for the most part disappeared, but they have been preserved in Syriac, and through Syriac they obtained for the See also:

time being a See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the Armenian Bible immediately after 2 Corinthians. See also:

APHRAATES (a Greek form of the Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)

Aphraates cites two passages from 3 Corinthians as words of the apostle, and Ephraem expounded them in his commentary on the Pauline Epistles. They must therefore have been regarded as canonical in the first See also:

HALF

half of the 4th century. From the Syriac Bible they made their way into the Armenian and maintained their place without opposition to the 7th century. On. the Latin text see Corriere and Berger, Correspondance apocr. de S. P. et See also:

des Corinthiens, 189i. For a translation of Ephraem's commentary see Zahn ii. 592-611 and See also:

VETTER [Vallee or Wetter, often written, with the addition of the definite article, Vettern]

Vetter, Der Apocr. 3. Korinthien, 70 sqq., 1894. The Coptic version (C. Schmidt, Acta Pauli, pp.

74-82), which is here imperfect, is clearly from a Greek original, while the Latin and Armenian are from the Syriac. (c) The Acts of Paul and Thecla. These were written; according to See also:

TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian (De Baptismo, 17) by a See also:

PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter of See also:

ASIA

Asia, who was deposed from his See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office on account of his See also:

FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery. This, the earliest of See also:

Christian romances (probably before A.D. 150), recounts the adventures and sufferings of a virgin, Thecla of See also:

ICONIUM (mod. Konia)

Iconium. Lipsius discovers Gnostic traits in the See also:

story, but these are denied by Zahn (Gesch. Kanons, ii. 902). See Lipsius, op. Cit. ii. 424-467; Zahn (op. cit. ii. 892-910).

The best text is that of Lipsius, Acta Apostol. Apocr., 1891, i. 235-272. There are Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic and Slavonic versions. As we have seen above, these Acts are now recognized as. belonging originally to the Acts of Paul. They were, however, published -separately See also:

long before the Gelasian Decree (496). Jerome also was acquainted with them as an See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent work. Thecla was most probably a real personage, around whom a legend had already gathered in the 2nd century. Of this legend the author of the Acts of Paul made use, and introduced into it certain historical and See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical facts. (d) The healing of Hermocrates of See also:

DROPSY (contracted from the old word hydropisy, derived from the Gr. 154w¢; i Swp, water, and appearance)

dropsy in See also:

MYRA (mod. Dembre)

Myra. Through a comparison of the Coptic version with the Pseudo-See also:

CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian See also:

writing " Caena," Rolffs (Hennecke, NT. Apok.

361) concludes that this incident formed originally a constituent of our book. (e) The strife with beasts at Ephesus. This event is mentioned by Nicephorus Callistus (H.R. ii. 25) as recounted in the irepioam. of Paul. The identity of this work with the Acts of Paul is confirmed by a remark of Hippolytus in his commentary on See also:

Daniel iii. 29. 4, ed. Bonwetsch 176 (so Rolffs). (f) Martyrdom of Paul. The death of Paul by the See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of See also:

NERO (37-68)

Nero at See also:

Rome forms the See also:

close of the Acts of Paul. The text is in the utmost confusion. It is best given by Lipsius, Acta Apostol.

Apocr. i. 104-117. Notwithstanding all the care that has been taken in See also:

COLLECTING

collecting the fragments of these Acts, only about goo stichoi out of the 3600 assigned to them in the See also:

STICHOMETRY

Stichometry of Nicephorus have as yet been recovered. The author was, according to Tertullian (De See also:

BAPTISM

Baptism. 17), a presbyter in Asia, who out of See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour to Paul wrote the Acts, See also:

FORGING

forging at the same time 3 Corinthians. Thus the work was composed before 190, and, since it most probably uses the martyrdom of See also:

POLYCARP (c. 6g-c. 155)

Polycarp, after 155. The See also:

OBJECT

object of the writer is to embody in St Paul the See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model ideal of the popular See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity of the 2nd century. His See also:

main emphasis is laid on chastity and the resurrection of the flesh. The See also:

TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the work is Catholic and anti-Gnostic. For the bibliography of the subject see Hennecke, NT. Apok. 358-360.

Acts of Peter.—These acts are first mentioned by Eusebius (H.E. iii. 3) by name, and first referred to by the See also:

AFRICAN

African poet Commodian about A.D. 250. Harnack, who was the first to show that these Acts were Catholic in character and not Gnostic as had previously been alleged, assigns their See also:

composition to this See also:

period mainly on the ground that Hippolytus was not acquainted with them; but even were this See also:

ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption true, it would not prove the non-existence of the Acts in question. According to Photius, moreover, the Acts of Peter also were composed by this same Leucius Charinus, who, according to Zahn (Gesch. Kanons, ii. 864), wrote about 16o (op. cit. p. 848). Schmidt and Ficker, however, maintain that the Acts were written about 200 and in Asia See also:

Minor. These Acts, which Ficker holds were written as a continuation and completion of the canonical Acts of the Apostles, See also:

DEAL

deal with Peter's victorious conflict with See also:

Simon Magus, and his subsequent martyrdom at Rome under Nero. It is difficult to determine the relation of the so-called Latin Actus Vercellenses (which there are See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good grounds for assuming were originally called the IlphEet IIErpov) with the Acts of John and Paul. Schmidt thinks that the author of the former made use of the latter, James that the Acts of Peter and of John were by one and the same author, but Ficker is of See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that their affinities can be explained by their derivation from the same ecclesiastical See also:

ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere and school of theological thought.

No less close affinities exist between our Acts and the Acts of Thomas, Andrew and Philip. In the See also:

case of the Acts of Thomas the problem is complicated, sometimes the Acts of Peter seem dependent on the Acts of Thomas, and sometimes the converse. For the relation of the Actus Vercellenses to the " Martyrdom of the See also:

HOLY

holy apostles Peter and Paul " (Acta Apostol. Apocr. i. 118-177) and to the " Acts of the holy apostles Peter and Paul " (Acta Apostol. Apocr. i. 178-234) see Lipsius ii. 1. 84 sqq. The "Acts of See also:

XANTHIPPE

Xanthippe and See also:

POLYXENA

Polyxena," first edited by James (Texts and Studies,ii. 3. 1893), and assigned by him to the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 3rd century, as well as the " Acts of the Disputation of See also:

ARCHELAUS

Archelaus. See also:

bishop of See also:

MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia, and the Heresiarch See also:

MANES

Manes" ('Acta Disputations Archelai Episcopi Mesopotamiae et Manetis Haeresiarchae," in See also:

Routh's Reliquiae Sacrae', v.

36-206), have borrowed largely from our work. The text of . the Actus Vercellenses is edited by Lipsius, Acta Apostol. Apocr. i. 45-79. An independent Latin translation of the " Martyrdom of Peter " is published by Lipsius (op. cit. i. 1-22), Martyrium beati Petri Apostoli a Lino episcopo conscriptum. On the Coptic fragment, which Schmidt maintains is an original constituent of these Acts, see that writer's work: See also:

Die See also:

ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien Petrusakten See also:

IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Zusammenhang der apokryphen Apostelliteratur nebst einem neuentdeckten Fragment, and Texte and Untersuch. N.F. ix. I (1903). For the literature see Hennecke, Neutestamentliche Apokryphen Handbuch, J95 sqq. See also:

PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

Preaching of Peter.—This book (HErpov io pvylea) gave the substance of a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of discourses spoken by one See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in the name of the apostles. Clement of Alexandria quotes it several times as a genuine See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of Peter's teaching....

See also:

HERACLEON

Heracleon had previously used it (see Origen, In Evang. Johann. t. xiii. 17). It is spoken unfavourably of by Origen (De Prin. Praef. 8). It was probably in the hands of See also:

JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin and See also:

Aristides. Hence Zahn gives its date as 90-100 at latest; Dobschutz, as Too-See also:

ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito; and Harnack, as 110-130. The extant fragments contain sayings of Jesus, and warnings against Judaism and Polytheism. They have been edited by See also:

HILGENFELD, ADOLF BERNHARD CHRISTOPH (1823—1907)

Hilgenfeld: Nov. Test. extra Can., 1884, iv. 51-65, and by von Dobschutz, Das Kerygma Petri, 1893.

See also:

Salmon (Dict. Christ. Biog. iv. 329-330) thinks that this work is part of a larger work, A Preaching of Peter and a Preaching of Paul, implied in a statement of Lactantius (Inst. Div. iv. 21); but this view is contested by Zahn, see Gesch. Kanons, ii. 820-834, particularly pp. 827-828; See also:

Chase, in Hastings' Bible Dict. iv. 776. Acts of Thomas.—This is one of the earliest and most famous of the Gnostic Acts. It has been but slightly tampered with by orthodox hands.

These Acts were used by the Encratites (Epiphanius, Haer. xlvii. 1), the Manichaeans (Augustine, Contra See also:

FAUST, or FAUSTUS

Faust. xxii. 79), the See also:

APOSTOLICI, APOSTOLIC BRETHREN

Apostolici (Epiphanius lxi. I) and Priscillianists. The work is divided into thirteen Acts, to which the Martyrdom of Thomas attaches as the fourteenth. It was originally written in Syriac, as Burkitt (Journ. of Theol. Studies, i. 278 sqq.) has finally proved, though Macke and See also:

Noldeke had previously advanced grounds for this view. The Greek and Latin texts were edited by Bonnet in 1883 and again in 1903, ii. 2; the Greek also by James, Apoc. Anec. ii. 28-45, and the Syriac by See also:

Wright (Apocr.

Acts of the Gospels, 1871, i. 172-333)• Photius ascribes their composition to Leucius Charinustherefore to the 2nd century, but Lipsius assigns it to the See also:

early decades of the 3rd. (See Lipsius, Apokryphen Apostelgeschichten, i. 225-347; Hennecke, N.T. Apokryphen, 473-480.) Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (See also:

Didache).—This important work was discovered by Philotheos Bryennios in See also:

Constantinople and published in 1883. Since that date it has been frequently edited. The bibliography can be found in See also:

SCHAFF, PHILIP (1819-1893)

Schaff's and in Harnack's See also:

EDITIONS

editions. The book divides itself into three parts. The first (i.-vi.) contains a See also:

BODY

body of ethical instruction which is founded on a Jewish and probably pre-Christian document, which forms the basis also of the Epistle of Barnabas. The second part consists of vii.-xv., and treats of See also:

church See also:

RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual and discipline; and the third part is eschatological and deals with the second See also:

ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

Advent. The book is variously dated by different scholars: Zahn assigns it to the years A.D. 80-120; Harnack to 120-165; See also:

Lightfoot and Funk to 8o-1oo; Salmon to 120.

(See Salmon in Dict. of Christ. Biog. iv.

End of Article: OTHER GOSPELS MAINLY GNOSTIC AND ALMOST ALL LOST

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