|
THE See also:CAMPAIGN OF 1866
In the seven years that elapsed between See also:Solferino and the second See also:battle of See also:Custozza the See also:political unification of See also:Italy had proceeded rapidly, although the See also:price of the See also:union of Italy had been the cession of See also:Savoy and See also:Nice to See also:Napoleon III. See also:Garibaldi's irregulars had in 186o overrun See also:Sicily, and See also:regular battles, inspired by the same See also:great See also:leader, had destroyed the See also:kingdom of See also:Naples on the mainland (See also:Volturno, 1st-2nd See also:October 186o). At Castelfidardo near See also:Ancona on the 18th of See also:September in the same See also:year Cialdini won another victory over the Papal troops commanded by See also:Lamoriciere. In 1866, then, Italy was no longer a " See also:geographical expression," but a recognized kingdom. Only See also:Rome and See also:Venetia remained of the numerous, disunited and reactionary states set up by the See also:congress of See also:Vienna. The former, still held by a See also:French See also:garrison, was for the moment an unattainable aim of the liberators, but the moment for reclaiming Venetia, the last relic of the See also:Austrian dominions in Italy, came when See also:Austria and See also:Prussia in the See also:spring of 1866 prepared to fight for the See also:hegemony of the future See also:united See also:Germany (see SEVEN See also:WEEKS' See also:WAR).
The new See also:Italian See also:army, formed on the See also:nucleus of the Sardinian
army and led by veterans of See also:Novara and Solferino, was as strong
as the whole allied army of 18J9, but in absorbing so many
recruits it had temporarily lost much of its efficiency. It was
organized in four See also:corps, of which one, under Cialdini, was detached
from the See also:main See also:body. Garibaldi, as before, commanded a semi-
regular corps in the Alpine valleys, but being steadily and
skilfully opposed by See also:Kuhn, Gyulai's former See also:chief of See also:staff, he
made little or no progress during the brief campaign, on which
indeed his operations had no See also:influence. The main Austrian
army, still the best-trained See also:part of the See also:emperor's forces, had been,
up to the See also:verge of the war, commanded by See also:Benedek, but Benedek
was induced to give up his See also:place to the See also:archduke See also:Albert, and to
take up the far harder task of commanding against the Prussians
in Bohemia. It was in fact a practically foregone conclusion that
in Italy the Austrians would win, whereas in Bohemia it was
more than feared that the Prussians would carry all before them.
But Prussia and Italy were allied, and whatever the result of a
battle in Venetia; that See also:province would have to be ceded in the
negotiations for See also:peace with a victorious Prussia. Thus on the
Austrian See also:side the war of 1866 in Italy was, even more than the
former war, simply an armed protest against the See also:march of events.
The part of See also:Hess in the campaign of Solferino was played with
more success in that of Custozza by See also:Major-See also:General See also:Franz,
Freiherr von See also:John (2815–1876). On this officer's
See also:advice the Austrian army, instead of remaining
behind the See also:Adige, crossed that See also:river on the 23rd of
See also:June and took up a position on the hills around
Pastrengo on the flank of the presumed advance of See also:Victor
See also:Emmanuel's army. The latter, See also:crossing the Mincio the same
See also:lay, headed by Villafranca for See also:Verona, part of it in the hills
about Custozza, Somma-Campagna and Castelnuovo, partly on the See also:plain. The See also:object of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king and of La See also:Marmora, who was his adviser, was by advancing on Verona to occupy the Austrian army (which was only about 8o,000 strong as against the king's 120,000), while Cialdini's corps from the See also:Ferrara region crossed the See also:lower Po and operated against the Austrian See also:rear. The archduke's staff, believing that the enemy was making for the lower Adige in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to co-operate directly with Cialdini's detachment, issued orders for the advance on the 24th so as to reach the See also:southern edge of the hilly See also:country, preparatory to descending upon the flank of the Italians next See also:day. However, the latter were nearer than was supposed, and an encounter-battle promptly began for the See also:possession of Somma-Campagna and Custozza. The king's army was unable to use its See also:superior See also:numbers and, See also:brigade for brigade, was much inferior to its opponents. The columns on the right, attempting in See also:succession to debouch from Villafranca in the direction of Verona, were checked by two improvised See also:cavalry brigades under See also:Colonel Pulz, which charged repeatedly, with the old-fashioned cavalry spirit that See also:Europe had almost forgotten, and See also:broke up one See also:battalion after another. In the centre the leading brigades fought in vain for the possession of Custozza and the edge of the See also:plateau, and on the See also:left the divisions that had turned See also:north-See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward from Valeggio into the hills were also met and defeated. About 5 P.M. the Italians, checked and in great disorder, retreated over the Mincio. The losses were—Austrians, 4600 killed and wounded and r000 missing; Italians, 3800 killed and wounded and 4300 missing. The archduke was too weak in numbers to pursue, his losses had been considerable, and a resolute offensive, in the existing political conditions, would have been a See also:mere See also:waste of force. The battle necessary to See also:save the See also:honour of Austria had been handsomely won. Ere See also:long the bulk of the army that had fought at Custozza was transported by See also:rail to take part in defending Vienna itself against the victorious Prussians. One See also:month later Cialdini with the, re-organized Italian army, 140,000 strong, took the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field again, and the 30,000 Austrians left in Venetia retreated to the Isonzo without engaging.
In spite of Custozza and of the great defeat sustained by the Italian See also:navy at the hands of Tegetthof near See also:Lissa on the loth of See also:July, Venetia was now liberated and incorporated in the kingdom of Italy, and the struggle for unity, that had been for seventeen years a passionate and absorbing See also:drama, and had had amongst its incidents Novara, See also:Magenta, Solferino and the Garibaldian See also:conquest of the Two Sicilies, ended in an See also:anti-See also:climax.
Three years later the See also:cards were shuffled, and Austria, See also:France and Italy were projecting an offensive See also:alliance against Prussia. This See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme came to grief on the See also:Roman question, and the French See also:chassepot was used for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in battle against Garibaldi at Mentana, but in 1870 France was compelled to withdraw her Roman garrison, and with the assent of their See also:late enemy Austria, the Italians under Cialdini fought their way into Rome and there established the See also:capital of united Italy.
For the Italian campaign of 1866 see the Austrian See also:official See also:history, C sterreichs Kampfe 1866 (French See also:translation), and the Italian official See also:account, La See also:Cam pagna del 1866, of which the See also:volume dealing with Custozza was published in 1909. A See also:short account is given in See also:Sir H. See also:Hozier's Seven Weeks' War, and See also:tactical studies in v. Verdv_'s Custozza (tr. See also:Henderson), and Sir See also:Evelyn See also:Wood; Achievements of Cavalry. (C. F. A.)
Second Battle of Custozza.
End of Article: THE CAMPAIGN OF
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!