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See also:MARIGNOLLI, GIOVANNI DE', a notable traveller to the Far See also:East in the 14th See also:century, See also:born probably before 1290, and sprung from a See also:noble See also:family in See also:Florence. The family is See also:long See also:extinct, but a See also:street near the See also:cathedral (Via de' Cerretani) formerly See also:bore the name of the Marignolli. In 1338 there arrived at See also:Avignon, where See also:Benedict XII. held his See also:court, an See also:embassy from the See also:great See also:khan of See also:Cathay (the Mongol-See also:Chinese See also:emperor), bearing letters to the pontiff from the khan himself, and from certain See also:Christian nobles of the Alan See also:race in his service. These latter represented that they had been eight years (since See also:Monte Corvino's See also:death) without a spiritual See also:guide, and earnestly desired one. The See also:pope replied to the letters, and appointed four ecclesiastics as his legates to the khan's court. The name of See also:John of Florence, i.e. Marignolli, appears third on the letters of See also:commission. A large party was associated with the four See also:chief envoys; when in
See also:Peking the embassy still numbered See also:thirty-two, out of an See also:original fifty.
The See also:mission See also:left Avignon in See also:December 1338; picked up the Tatar envoys at See also:Naples; stayed nearly two months in See also:Constantinople (Pera, May I—See also:June 24, 1339); and sailed across the See also:Black See also:Sea to See also:Kaffa, whence they travelled to the court of Mahommed Uzbeg, khan of the See also:Golden See also:Horde, at Sarai on the See also:Volga. The khan entertained them hospitably during the See also:winter of 1339–1340 and then sent them across the See also:steppes to Armalec, Almalig or Almaligh (See also:Kulja), the See also:northern seat of the See also:house of Chaghatai, in what is now the See also:province of See also:Ili. " There," says Marignolli, " we built a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, bought a piece of ground ... sung masses, and baptized several persons, notwithstanding that only the See also:year before the See also:bishop and six other See also:minor friars had there undergone glorious martyrdom for See also:Christ's salvation." Quitting Almaligh in 1341, they seem to have reached Peking (by way of Kamul or See also:Hami) in May or June 1342. They were well received by the reigning khan, the last of the Mongol See also:dynasty in See also:China. An entry in the Chinese See also:annals fixes the year of Marignolli's presentation by its mention of the arrival of the great horses from the See also:kingdom of Fulang (Farang or See also:Europe), one of which was 11 ft. 6 in. in length, and 6 ft. 8 in. high, and black all over.
Marignolli stayed at Peking or Cambalec three or four years, after which he travelled through eastern China to Zayton or See also:Amoy See also:Harbour, quitting China apparently in December 1347, and reaching Columbum (Kaulam or See also:Quilon in See also:Malabar) in See also:Easter See also:week of 1348. At this See also:place he found a church of the Latin communion, probably founded by See also:Jordanus of Severac, who had been appointed bishop of Columbum by Pope John XXII. in 1330. Here Marignolli remained sixteen months, after which he proceeded on what seems a most devious voyage. First he visited the See also:shrine of St See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas near the See also:modern See also:Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the kingdom of Saba, and identifies with the Sheba of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been See also:Java. Taking See also:ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms. They found shelter in the little See also:port of Pervily or Pervilis (Beruwala or Berberyn) in the See also:south-See also:west of See also:Ceylon; but here the See also:legate See also:fell into the hands of " a certain See also:tyrant Coya Jaan (Khoja Jahan), a See also:eunuch and an accursed Saracen," who professed to treat him with all deference, but detained him four months, and plundered all the gifts and Eastern rarities that he was carrying See also:home. This detention in Seyllan enables Marignolli to give a variety of curious particulars regarding See also:Adam's See also:Peak, Buddhist See also:monasticism, the aboriginal races of Ceylon, and other marvels. After this we have only fragmentary notices, showing that his route to Europe See also:lay by Ormuz, the ruins of See also:Babel, See also:Bagdad, See also:Mosul, See also:Aleppo and thence to See also:Damascus and See also:Jerusalem. In 1353 he arrived at Avignon, and delivered a See also:letter from the great khan to Pope See also:Innocent VI. In the following year the emperor See also:Charles IV., on a visit to See also:Italy, made Marignolli one of his chaplains. Soon after, the pope made him bishop of Bisignano; but he seems to have been in no See also:hurry to reside there. He appears to have accompanied the emperor to See also:Prague in 1354–1355; in 1356 he is found acting as See also:envoy to the Pope from Florence; and in 1357 he is at See also:Bologna. We know not when he died. The last trace of Marignolli is a letter addressed to him, which was found in the 18th century among the records in the See also:Chapter Library at Prague. The writer is an unnamed bishop of See also:Armagh, easily identified with See also:Richard Fitz See also:Ralph, a strenuous foe of the See also:Franciscans, who had broken lances in controversy with Ockham and Burley. The letter implies that some intention had been intimated from Avignon of sending Marignolli to See also:Ireland in connexion with matters then in debate—a project which stirs Fitz Ralph's wrath.
The fragmentary notes of Marignolli's Eastern travels often contain vivid remembrance and graphic description, but combined with an incontinent vanity, and an incoherent See also:lapse from one thing to another. They have no claim to be called a narrative, and it is with no small pains that anything like a narrative can be pieced out of them. Indeed the mode in which they were elicited curiously illustrates how little See also:medieval travellers thought of publication
The emperor Charles, instead of urging his See also:chaplain to write a See also:history of his vast journeys, set him to the repugnant task of recasting the annals of Bohemia; and he consoled himself by salting the insipid stuff by interpolations, a propos de bottes, of his recollections of See also:Asiatic travel.
Nobody seems to have noticed the See also:work till 1768, when the See also:chronicle was published in vol. ii. of the Monumenta hist. Bohemiae nusquam antehac edita by See also:Father See also:Gelasius Dobner.
But, though Marignolli was thus at last in type, no one seems to have read him till 182o, when an interesting See also:paper on his travels was published by J. G. Meinert. See also:Professor See also:Friedrich Kunstmann of See also:Munich also devoted to the subject one of his admirable See also:series of papers on the ecclesiastical travellers of the See also:middle ages.
See Fontes rerum bohemicarum, iii. 492—604 (1882, best See also:text) ; G. Dobner's Monumenta hist. See also:bah., vol. ii. (Prague, 1768) ; J. G. Meinert, in Abhandl. der k. bohm. Gesellsch. der Wissenschaften, vol. vii.; F. Kunstmann, in Historisch-politische See also:Matter von See also:Phillips and See also:Gorres, xxxviii. 701-719, 793—813 (Munich, 1859); See also:Luke See also:Wadding, Annales minorum, A.D. 1338, vii. 210—219 (ed. of 1733, &c.); Sbaralea, Supplementum et castigatio ad scriptores trium ordinum S. Francisci a Waddingo, p. 436 (See also:Rome, 18o6); John of See also:Winterthur, in See also:Eccard, Corpus historicum medii aevi, vol. i., 1852; See also:Mosheim, Historia Tartarorum ecclesiastica, See also:part i., p. 115; See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither, ii. 309—394 (Hak. See also:Soc., 1866) ; C. See also:Raymond Beazley, See also:Dawn of Modern See also:Geography, iii. 142, 18o-181, 184—185, 215, 231, 236, 288—309 (1906). (H. Y.; C. R.
End of Article: MARIGNOLLI, GIOVANNI
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