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See also:ODORIC (c. 1286-1331) , styled "of See also:Pordenone," one of the See also:chief travellers of the later See also:middle ages, and a See also:Beatus of the See also:Roman See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, was See also:born at See also:Villa Nuova, a See also:hamlet near the See also:town of Pordenone in See also:Friuli, in or about 1286. According to the ecclesiastical biographers, in See also:early years he took the vows of the Franciscan See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order and joined their See also:convent at See also:Udine, the See also:capital of Friuli.
See also:Friar Odoric was despatched to the See also:East, where a remarkable See also:extension of missionary See also:action was then taking See also:place, about 1316-1318, and did not return till the end of 1329 or beginning of 1330; but, as regards intermediate See also:dates, all that we can deduce from his narrative or other See also:evidence is that he was in western See also:India soon after 1321 (See also:pretty certainly in 1322) and that he spent three years in See also:China between the opening of 1323 and the See also:close of 1328. His route to the East See also:lay by See also:Trebizond and See also:Erzerum to See also:Tabriz and Sultanieh, in all of which places the order had houses. From Sultanieh he proceeded by See also:Kashan and Yazd, and turning thence followed a somewhat devious route by See also:Persepolis and the See also:Shiraz and See also:Bagdad regions, to the See also:Persian Gulf. At See also:Hormuz' he embarked for India, landing at See also:Thana, near Bombay. At this See also:city four brethren of his order, three of them Italians and the See also:fourth a Georgian, had shortly before met See also:death at the hands of the See also:Mahommedan See also:governor. The bones of the martyred friars had been collected by Friar See also:Jordanus of Severac, a Dominican, who carried them to Supera--the Suppara of the See also:ancient geographers, near the See also:modern See also:Bassein, about 26 m. See also:north of Bombay—and buried them there Odoric tells that he disinterred these See also:relics and carried them with him on his further travels. In the course of these he visited See also:Malabar, touching at Pandarani (20 M. north of See also:Calicut), at Cranganore, and at Kulam or See also:Quilon, proceeding thence, apparently, to See also:Ceylon and to the See also:shrine of St See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas at Maylapur near See also:Madras. From India he sailed in a See also:junk to See also:Sumatra, visiting various ports on the See also:northern See also:coast of that See also:island, and thence to See also:Java, to the coast (it would seem) of See also:Borneo, to Champa (See also:South See also:Cochin-China), and to See also:Canton, at that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time known to western Asiatics as See also:Chin-Kalan or See also:Great China (Mahachin). From Canton he travelled overland to the great ports of Fukien, at one of which, Zayton or See also:Amoy See also:harbour, he found two houses of his order; in one of these he deposited the bones of the brethren who had suffered in India. From See also:Fuchow he struck across the mountains into Cheh-kiang and visited Hang-chow, then renowned, under the name of Cansay, Khanzai, or Quinsai (i.e. Kingsze or royal See also:residence), as the greatest city in the See also:world, of whose splendours Odoric, like Marco See also:Polo, See also:Marignolli, or See also:Ibn Batuta, gives notable details. Passing northward by See also:Nanking and See also:crossing the Yangtsze-kiang, Odoric embarked on the Great See also:Canal and travelled to Cambalec (other-See also:wise Cambaleth, See also:Cambaluc, &c.) or See also:Peking, where he remained for three years, attached, no doubt, to one of the churches founded by See also:Archbishop See also:John of See also:Monte Corvino, at this time in extreme old See also:age. Returning overland across See also:Asia, through the See also:Land of Prester John and through Casan, the adventurous traveller seems to have entered See also:Tibet, and even perhaps to have visited See also:Lhasa. After this we trace the friar in northern See also:Persia, in Millestorte, once famous as the Land of the Assassins in the See also:Elburz See also:highlands. No further indications of his homeward route (to See also:Venice) are given, though it is almost certain that he passed through Tabriz. The vague and fragmentary See also:character of the narrative, in this See also:section, forcibly contrasts with the clear and careful tracing of the outward way. During a See also:part at least of these See also:long journeys the See also:companion of Odoric was Friar See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James, an Irishman, as appears from a See also:record in the public books of Udine, showing that shortly after Odoric's death a See also:present of two marks was made to this Irish friar, Socio beati Fratris Odorici, amore Dei et Odorici. Shortly after his return Odoric betook himself to the Minorite See also:house attached to St See also:Anthony's at See also:Padua, and it was there that in May 1330 he related the See also:story of his travels, which was taken down in homely Latin by Friar See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William of Solagna. Travelling towards the papal See also:court at See also:Avignon, Odoric See also:fell See also:ill at See also:Pisa, and turning back •to Udine, the capital of his native See also:province, died in the convent there on the 14th of See also:January 1331. The fame ofhis vast journeys appears to have made a much greater impression on the laity of his native territory than on his Franciscan brethren. The latter were about to See also:bury him•without delay or ceremony, but the gastald or chief See also:magistrate of the city interfered and appointed a public funeral; rumours of his wondrous travels and of See also:posthumous miracles were diffused, and excitement spread like wildfire over Friuli and See also:Carniola; the ceremony had to be deferred more than once, and at last took place in presence of the See also:patriarch of See also:Aquileia and all the See also:local dignitaries. Popular See also:acclamation made him an See also:object of devotion, the See also:municipality erected a See also:noble shrine for his See also:body, and his fame as See also:saint and traveller had spread far and wide before the middle of the See also:century, but it was not till four centuries later (1755) that the papal authority formally sanctioned his See also:beatification. A bust of Odoric was set up at Pordenone in 1881.
The numerous copies of Odoric's narrative (both of the See also:original -See also:text and of the versions in See also:French, See also:Italian, &c.) that have come 'down to our time, chiefly from the 14th century, show how speedily and widely it acquired popularity. It does not deserve the See also:charge of mendacity brought against it by some, though the adulation of others is nearly as injudicious. Odoric's See also:credit was not benefited by the. liberties which See also:Sir John See also:Mandeville took with it. The substance of that See also:knight's alleged travels in India and See also:Cathay is stolen from Odoric, though amplified with fables from other See also:sources and from his own invention, and garnished with his own unusually clear astronomical notions. We may indicate a few passages which See also:stamp Odoric as a genuine and original traveller. He is the first See also:European, after Marco Polo, who distinctly mentions the name of Sumatra. The See also:cannibalism and community of wives which he attributes to certain races of that island do certainly belong to it, or to islands closely adjoining. His description of See also:sago in the See also:archipelago is not See also:free from errors, but they are the errors of an See also:eye-See also:witness. In China his mention of Canton by the name of Censcolam or Censcalam (Chin-Kalan), and his descriptions of the See also:custom of fishing with tame cormorants, of the See also:habit of letting the See also:finger-nails grow extravagantly, and of the See also:compression of See also:women's feet, are See also:peculiar to him among the travellers of that age; Marco Polo omits them all.
Seventy-three See also:MSS. of Odoric's narrative are known to exist in Latin, French and Italian: of these the chief is in See also:Paris, See also:National Library, MSS.
See also:Lat. 2584, fols. 118 r.-127 v., of about 1350. The narrative was first printed at See also:Pesaro in 1513, in what Apostolo See also:Zeno calls lingua inculta e rozza. See also:Ramusio's collection first contains it in the 2nd vol. of the 2nd edition (1574) (Italian version), in which are given two versions, differing curiously from one another, but without any prefatory See also:matter or explanation. (See also edition of 1583, vol. ii. fols. 245 r.-256 r.) Another (Latin) version is given in the Acta Sanctorum (Bollandist) under the 14th of January. The curious discussion before the papal court respecting the beatification of Odoric forms a See also:kind of See also:blue-See also:book issued ex typographia rev. camerae apostolicae (See also:Rome, 1755). See also:Professor See also:Friedrich Kunstmann of See also:Munich devoted one of his valuable papers to Odoric's narrative (Histor.-polit. Bl¢tter von See also:Phillips and See also:Gorres, vol. xxxviii. pp. 507-537). The best See also:editions of Odoric are by G. Venni, Elogio storico alle gesta del Beato Odorico (Venice, 1761) ; H. See also:Yule in Cathay and the Way Thither, vol. i. pp. 1-162, vol. ii. appendix, pp. 1-42 (See also:London, 1866), See also:Hakluyt Society; and H. Cordier, See also:Les Voyages . du . .
See also:frere Odoric . . . (Paris, 1891) (edition of Old French version of c. 1350). The edition by T. Domenichelli (See also:Prato, 1881) may also be mentioned ; likewise those texts of Odoric embedded in the Storia universale delle Missione Francescane, iii. 739-781, and in Hakluyt's See also:Principal Navigations (1599), ii. 39-67. See also John of Viktring (Joannes Victoriensis) in Ponies reruns Germanicarum, ed. J. F. Boehmer; vol. i. ed. by J . G. See also:Cotta (See also:Stuttgart, 1843), p. 391; See also:Wadding, Annales Minorum, A.D. 1331, vol. vii. pp. 123-126; See also:Bartholomew Albizzi, See also:Opus conformitatum . B. Francisci . .
bk. i. See also:par. ii. conf. 8 (fol. 124 of See also:Milan, edition of 1513); John of See also:Winterthur in See also:Eccard, Corpus historicism medii aevi, vol. i. cols. 1894-1897, especially 1894; C. R. Beazley, See also:Dawn of Modern See also:Geography, iii. 250-287, 548-549, 554, 565-566, 612-613, &c.
(H. Y.; C. R.
End of Article: ODORIC (c. 1286-1331)
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