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SERVIUS TULLIUS

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 701 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SERVIUS TULLIUS , See also:

sixth legendary See also:king of See also:Rome (598-534 B.C.). According to one See also:account he was the son of the See also:household See also:genius (See also:Lar) and a slave named Ocrisia, of the See also:house-hold of Tarquinius See also:Priscus. He married a daughter of Tarquinius and succeeded to the See also:throne by the contrivance of his See also:mother-in-See also:law, See also:Tanaquil, who was skilled in See also:divination and foresaw his, greatness. Another See also:legend, alluded to in a speech by the See also:emperor See also:Claudius (fragments of which were discovered on a See also:bronze tablet dug up at See also:Lyons in 1524), represented him as an See also:Etruscan soldier of See also:fortune named Mastarna, who attached himself to Caeles Vibenna (Caelius Vivenna), the founder of an Etruscan See also:city on the Caelian See also:Hill (see also See also:Tacitus, See also:Annals, iv. 65). An important event of his reign was the conclusion of an See also:alliance with the Latins, whereby Rome and the cities of See also:Latium became members of one See also:great. See also:league, whose See also:common See also:sanctuary was the See also:temple of See also:Diana on the Aventine. His reign of See also:forty-four years was brought to a See also:close by a See also:conspiracy headed by his son-in-law, Tarquinius Superbus. The legend of Servius presents certain similarities to that of the founder of Rome. His miraculous See also:birth, commemorated by Servius himself in the festival established by him in See also:honour. of the See also:Lares, recalls that of See also:Romulus. Again, as Romulus was the author of the patrician groundwork of the constitution, so Servius was regarded as the originator of a new See also:classification of the See also:people, which laid the See also:foundation of , the See also:gradual See also:political enfranchisement of the plebeians (for the constitutional alterations with which his name is associated, see RoME: See also:Ancient See also:History; for the Servian See also:Wall see ROME: See also:Archaeology). His supposed Latin descent is contradicted by the Etruscan tradition alluded to above (on which see V. Gardthausen, Mastarna See also:oder Servius Tullius, 1882), and his insertion among the See also:kings of Rome is due to the need of providing an initiator of subsequent republican institutions.

The treaty with the Latins is mentioned by See also:

Dionysius of See also:Halicarnassus alone, who had not seen it himself; indeed, it is doubtful whether it was then in existence, and in any See also:case, considering the changes which the See also:language had undergone, it would have been unintelligible. It is also suspicious that no See also:list of the members of the league is given, contrary to the usual See also:custom. For a See also:critical examination of the See also:story see See also:Schwegler, Romische Geschichte, bks. xvi., xvii.; See also:Sir G. Cornewall See also:Lewis, Credibility of See also:early See also:Roman History, ch. xi.; W. Ihne, History of Rome, i.; ;E, Pais, Storia di See also:Roma, i. (1898); and Ancient Legends of Roman History (Eng. trans., 1906), where he comes to the conclusion that "instead of being the sixth rex of Rome, he was originally the rex serous, the See also:priest of the cult of Diana Aricina transferred to the Aventine, the priest of the protecting goddess of fugitive slaves "; C. See also:Pascal, See also:Patti e legende di Roma antica (See also:Florence, 19og) ; also 0.. See also:Gilbert, Gesehichte and Topographie der Stadt Rom See also:im Altertum (1883-1885), and J. B. See also:Carter, The See also:Religion of Numa (1906), on the reorganization, of Servius. SERVO-BULGARIAN See also:WAR (1885). The See also:Berlin See also:Congress of 1878, by its revision of the treaty of See also:San Stefano, created two states in the See also:Balkan See also:Peninsula—the principality' of See also:Bulgaria owning a nominal See also:suzerainty to See also:Turkey, and the autonomous See also:province of eastern See also:Rumelia, presided over by a See also:Turkish See also:governor-See also:general, and apparently intended to remain in close relations with the See also:porte.

This See also:

settlement came to an end when the See also:movement in favour of a See also:united Bulgaria culminated (See also:September 1885) in a revolution in the Rumelian See also:capital. See also:Prince See also:Alexander of Bulgaria, recognizing that the movement was irresistible and that, unless directed by authority, it might degenerate into anarchy and See also:civil war, placed himself at its See also:head, and, proceeding to See also:Philippopolis, formally accepted the See also:government of the united Bulgarian states. As it was assumed that the See also:sultan would reassert his claim by force of arms, the Bulgaro-Rumelian forces were. , concentrated as rapidly as possible near the Turkish frontier. Prince Alexander, however, had taken the step of acknowledging the sultan's suzerainty; and Turkey was not inclined to begin a war which would probably cause a revolt in See also:Macedonia and might end by rendering See also:Russian See also:influence See also:paramount in Bulgaria. But, while a See also:conference of ambassadors was vainly discussing the situation at See also:Constantinople, the See also:Gordian See also:knot was cut by the announcement that See also:Servia, seeking See also:compensation for the aggrandizement of Bulgaria, had constituted herself the See also:champion of the treaty of Berlin. King See also:Milan had issued orders for the Servian See also:army mobilization on the very See also:day of Prince Alexander's See also:proclamation at Philippopolis, and large forces were concentrated (See also:October 1st–12th) on the Bulgarian frontier. On the 19th the prince ordered troops to the See also:quarter thus threatened, but it seems certain that, whilst in eastern Rumelia every preparation had been made for war, Prince Alexander had so little expectation of, and wish for, a war with Servia, that few See also:measures were taken to See also:supply the needs of a See also:field army on that See also:side, though fortifications were begun at several places, notably at See also:Sofia and Slivnitza, towards the end of October. Unlike the Servian army, which contained few permanent See also:units and consisted mainly of militiamen, the See also:standing army of Bulgaria, trained and commanded by Russian See also:officers since 1877–1878, was organized on the See also:German See also:system of filling up relatively strong cadres to war strength and forming additional units. When fully mobilized the field army numbered about 55,000 men. The Rumelian forces (See also:militia) consisted in all of about 35,000 men. Besides these forces was the " Bandit See also:brigade " of See also:Captain Panitza, an irregular force some 3000 strong, composed of Macedonians, See also:Turks, See also:Jews and other See also:miscellaneous See also:volunteers.

This force did See also:

good service as a flying right wing of the See also:main army. In the Bulgarian army the whole of the See also:staff and See also:superior officers, as well as about See also:half the regimental captains, were Russians. When the mobilization of the Bulgarian and Rumelian forces was decreed by the prince, the whole of the Russian officers were at once withdrawn, and the heavy task of creating a staff and selecting See also:young officers for all the superior commands had to be undertaken in front of the enemy. Moreover, when on the 14th of See also:November Milan finally declared war, the Bulgarian forces were mostly far away beyond the Balkans on the Turkish frontier. The Servian main army (under King Milan), and the army of the Timok promptly crossed the frontier and soon came in contact with small forces of the enemy. On the Timok little or nothing of importance took See also:place throughout the war, as the forces opposing the army of the Timok near See also:Vidin effectually neutralized that force. In front of Dragoman and Trn the Bulgarians See also:fell back, engaging in stubborn rearguard combats at every favourable place. The Servian " Army of the Nishava " advanced but slowly and with hesitation, while the most strenuous exertions were made by Prince Alexander and his newly-formed staff to collect their far-distant troops in the Slivnitza position. Every See also:commander was given the See also:simple See also:order to See also:march on Slivnitza. The civilian See also:population was warned to be ready with supplies to meet the troops by the roadside, and under these See also:peculiar conditions, and extraordinary difficulties of See also:country and See also:weather, the Bulgarians marched on the decisive point at the highest possible See also:speed of See also:man and See also:horse. Some remarkable See also:marches are recorded: the 8th See also:infantry, 4500 strong, covered 59 M. in See also:thirty-two See also:hours, leaving only sixty-two men behind; the 3rd and See also:part of another Rumelian See also:battalion reached Sofia so exhausted that they were sent to the front on horseback, two men to each horse; the troops that were sent up by See also:rail were packed in open trucks, sixty men to a See also:truck. The furious See also:energy displayed had its See also:reward on the field of See also:battle.

Before the last shot of the battle of Slivnitza was fired, nearly half of the entire forces of Bulgaria and Rumelia were in the lines, and 14,000 men more faced the army of the Timok at Widdin. With the main army—a striking display of what could be accomplished by patriotism and vigour—were fifty-six pieces of See also:

artillery, most of which had been dragged over the Balkan passes in See also:mid-See also:winter. The position of Slivnitza, barring the high road between See also:Nish and Sofia, had been extensively fortified, but when the Servians opened their attack on the 17th of November, there were but few troops available to occupy the See also:works. On the right of the Bulgarian See also:line was the Meka Krud height, occupied by some Kriegsschauplatze (See also:Frauenfeld, 1886); von Bilimek-Waissolm, Der serbisch-bulgarische Krieg (See also:Vienna, 1886) ; A. E. von Huhn, Der battalions under Captain Benderev; here fighting went on Kampf der Bulgaren um ihre Nationaleinheit (See also:Leipzig, 1886; Eng. through the See also:short winter day, which ended with a gallant, and I trans. The Struggle of the Bulgarians for their See also:National See also:Independence, for the See also:time successful, See also:counter-attack by six Bulgarian See also:bat• talions led by Benderev. The prince, not yet ready for the offensive, withdrew these troops to their See also:original position. In the centre, near the high road, a hot and, at one moment of the day, almost successful attack of the Servians ended with their See also:complete repulse. The latter had had 17,000 men against the Bulgarians' I1,0oo; yet they had, owing mainly to faults in the superior leading, been unsuccessful. Next day their chances of victory would be even less, for the defenders were hourly reinforced from Sofia, and on the 18th were actually somewhat superior in See also:numbers. On this day the Servians made a very heavy attack on the Bulgarian See also:left wing, which was eventually repulsed, though not without great difficulty, by the newly arrived troops from Sofia. Later a half-hearted attack was made on the centre, and from his position on Meka Krud Benderev again attacked the Servian " See also:Danube " See also:division.

On this day a Servian division pushed the Bulgarians out of Breznik, but made no farther advance either on Sofia or on the left flank of the Bulgarians at Slivnitza, in spite of orders to do so. On the 19th alarm and consternation at Sofia, caused by the presence of hostile forces at Breznik, were so great that Alexander left the command in the hands of his See also:

chief of staff, See also:Major Guchev, and hurried back to the capital in order to organize the See also:defence. The Servian See also:leader was, however, as inactive on the 19th as on the 18th, and when he at last moved forward towards Slivnitza it was only with a portion of his force; this was driven back, by a detachment from the left wing of the Bulgarian position, to Rakita. Meanwhile, the active Benderev had reopened his attack on the Danube division. Twice he was repulsed, but finally at about 3 P.M. his battalions carried the heights held by the Servians. A little before this the Bulgarian centre likewise moved forward, and, though a final attack of the Servians on the See also:gap caused by the See also:absence of the Bulgarian troops detached towards Breznik came near to success, the prince returned to the battlefield to find his troops everywhere victorious and See also:driving the enemy before them. Two days later, reorganized and reinforced, the Bulgarians took the offensive and carried the Dragoman pass. On the 25th Prince Alexander received at Tzaribrod proposals for an See also:armistice from King Milan; these were not accepted, and the Bulgarian army, See also:crossing the frontier, advanced in several columns upon See also:Pirot, where the army of the Nishava took up a defensive position in the See also:town and on the surrounding heights. A two-days' engagement followed (26th and 27th of November). On the 26th the Bulgarians were, successful, but a heavy counter attack on the following day almost snatched the victory out of their hands, and it was only after a severe contest lasting eleven hours that the Servians finally gave way. The Bulgarians were not permitted to reap the fruits of their success. As they were preparing to pursue the defeated and now greatly demoralized enemy on the 28th, the See also:Austrian See also:minister at See also:Belgrade arrived at headquarters and hostilities ceased.

The intervention of See also:

Austria saved the Servian army, which was greatly demoralized, and was now threatened by the united Bulgarian force of nearly 55,000 men. On the same day the army of the Timok was repulsed with heavy loss in an attack on Vidin. Servia escaped almost unpunished from her war of aggression. The young Bulgarian army, with its improvised staff and newly-appointed field officers, displayed admirable marching See also:power and fighting qualities, and the Rumelian militiamen proved themselves to be good soldiers. The Servians had, however, fought with great bravery also, and the victory must be ascribed in the main to the See also:personal influence, the strenuous exertions and the See also:sound military See also:judgment of Prince Alexander; and the brief but decisive See also:campaign set the See also:seal to,Bulgarian unity. See also:London, - 1886) ; M611er, Der serbisch-bulgarische Krieg, 1885 (See also:Hanover, 1888) ; Regenspursky, See also:Die Kampfe bei Slivnitza (Vienna, 1895) ; Der serbisch-bulgarische Krieg bis zum Waffenstallstande (Berlin, 1886) ; Der serbisch-bulgarische Krieg, eine militarische Studie (Berlin, 1887); Kunz, Taktische Beispiele aus den Kriegen der neuesten Zeit: I. Der serbisch-bulgarische Krieg (Berlin, 1901); Bujac, Precis de quelques campagnes contemporaznes: I. Dans See also:les Balkans (See also:Limoges and See also:Paris).

End of Article: SERVIUS TULLIUS

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