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See also:CHARLES VII . (1403—1461), See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:France, fifth son of Charles VI. and Isabeau of See also:Bavaria, was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 22nd of See also:February 1403. The See also:count of Ponthieu, as he was called in his boyhood, was betrothed in 1413 to See also:Mary of See also:Anjou, daughter of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis II., See also:duke of Anjou and king of See also:Sicily, and spent the next two years at the Angevin See also:court. He received the duchy of See also:Touraine in 1416; and in the next See also:year the See also:death of his See also:brother See also:John made him dauphin of France. He became See also:lieutenant-See also:general of the See also:kingdom in 1417, and made active efforts to combat the complaisance of his See also:mother. He assumed the See also:title of See also:regent in See also:December 1418, but his authority in See also:northern France was paralysed in 1419 by the See also:murder of John the Fearless, duke of See also:Burgundy, in his presence at See also:Montereau. Although the See also:deed was not apparently premeditated, as the See also:English and Burgundians declared, it ruined Charles's cause for the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. He was disinherited by the treaty of See also:Troyes in 1420, and at the time of his See also:father's death in 1422 had retired to Mehun-sur-Yevre, near See also:Bourges, which had been the nominal seat of See also:government since 1418. He was recognized as king in Touraine; See also:Berry and See also:Poitou, in See also:Languedoc and other provinces of See also:southern France; but the English See also:power in the See also:north was presently increased by the provinces of See also:Champagne and See also:Maine, as the result of the victories of Crevant (1423) and See also:Verneuil (1424). , The See also:Armagnac administrators who had been driven out of Paris by the duke of See also:Bedford gathered See also:round the See also:young king, nicknamed the " king of Bourges," but he was weak in See also:body and mind, and was under the domination of See also:Jean Louvet and Tanguy du Chastel, the instigators of the murder of John the Fearless, and other discredited partisans. The power of these favourites was shaken by the See also:influence of the See also:queen's mother, See also:Yolande of See also:Aragon, duchess of Anjou. She sought the See also:alliance of John, V., duke of See also:Brittany, who, however, vacillated throughout his See also:life between the English and See also:French alliance, concerned chiefly to maintain the See also:independence of his duchy. His brother, See also:Arthur of Brittany, See also:earl of See also:Richmond (See also:comte de Richemont), was reconciled with the king, and became See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
constable in 1425, with the avowed intention of making See also:peace between Charles VII. and the duke of Burgundy. Richemont caused the assassination of Charles's favourites See also:Pierre de Giac and Le See also:Camus de See also:Beaulieu, and imposed one of his own choosing, Georges de la Tremoille, an adventurer who rapidly usurped the constable's power. For five years (1427-1432) a private See also:war between these two exhausted the Armagnac forces, and central France returned to anarchy.
Meanwhile Bedford had established settled government throughout the north of. France, and in 1428 he advanced to the See also:siege of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans. For the See also:movement which was to See also:lead to the deliverance of France from the English invaders, see See also:JOAN of Alec. The siege of Orleans was raised by her efforts on the 8th of May 1429, and two months later Charles VII. was crowned at See also:Reims. Charles's intimate counsellors, La Tremoille and See also:Regnault de See also:Chartres, See also:archbishop of Reims, saw their profits menaced by the triumphs of Joan of Arc, and accordingly the court put every difficulty in the way of her military career, and received the See also:news of her See also:capture before See also:Compiegne (1430) with indifference. No See also:measures were taken for her deliverance or her See also:ransom, and See also:Normandy and the Isle of France remained in English hands. Fifteen years of anarchy and See also:civil war intervenedbefore peace was restored. Bands of armed men fighting for their own See also:hand traversed the See also:country, and in the ten years between 1434 and 1444 the provinces were terrorized by these ecorcheurs, who, with the decline of discipline in the English See also:army, were also recruited from the ranks of the invaders. The duke of Bedford died in 1435, and in the same year See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip the See also:Good of Burgundy concluded a treaty with Charles VII. at See also:Arras, after fruitless negotiations for an English treaty. From this time Charles's policy was strengthened. La Tremoille had been assassinated in 1433 by the constable's orders, with the connivance of Yolande of Aragon. For his former favourites were substituted energetic advisers, his brother-in-See also:law Charles of Anjou, See also:Dunois (the famous See also:bastard of Orleans), Pierre de See also:Breze, Richemont and others. Richemont entered Paris on the 13th of See also:April 1436, and in the next five years the See also:finance of the country was re-established on a settled basis. .Charles himself commanded the troops who captured See also:Pontoise in 1441, and in the next year he made a successful expedition in the See also:south.
Meanwhile the princes of the See also:blood and the See also:great nobles resented the ascendancy of councillors and soldiers See also:drawn from the smaller See also:nobility and the bourgeoisie. They made a formidable See also:league against the See also:crown in 1440 which included Charles I., duke of See also:Bourbon, John II., duke of See also:Alencon, John IV. of Armagnac, and the dauphin, afterwards Louis XI. The revolt See also:broke out in Poitou in 1440 and was known as the See also:Praguerie. Charles VII. repressed the rising, and showed great skill with the See also:rebel nobles, finally buying them over individually by considerable concessions. In 1444 a truce was concluded with See also:England at See also:Tours, and Charles proceeded to organize a See also:regular army. The central authority was gradually made effective, and a definite See also:system of See also:payment, by removing the See also:original cause of See also:brigandage, and the See also:establishment of a strict discipline learnt perhaps from the English troops, gradually stamped out the most serious of the many evils under which the country had suffered. Pierre Bessonneau, and the See also:brothers Gaspard and Jean See also:Bureau created a considerable force of See also:artillery. Domestic troubles in their own country weakened the English in France. The See also:con-quest of Normandy was completed by the See also:battle of Formigny (15th of April 1450). See also:Guienne was conquered in 1451 by Duncis, but not subdued, and another expedition was necessary in 1453, when See also:Talbot was defeated and slain at Castillon. Meanwhile in 1450 Charles VII. had resolved on the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, thus rendering a tardy recognition of her services. This was granted in 1456 by the See also:Holy See. The only foothold retained by the English on French ground was See also:Calais. In its earlier stages the deliverance of France from the English had been the See also:work of the See also:people themselves. The See also:change which made Charles take an active See also:part in public affairs is said to have been largely due to the influence of See also:Agnes See also:Sorel, who became his See also:mistress in 1444 and died in 1450. She was the first to See also:play a public and See also:political role as mistress of a king of France, and may be said to have established a tradition. Pierre de Breze, who had had a large See also:share in the repression of the Praguerie, obtained through her a dominating influence over the king, and he inspired the monarch himself and the whole See also:administration with new vigour. Charles and Rene of Anjou retired from court, and the greater part of the members of the king's See also:council were drawn from the See also:bourgeois classes. The most famous of all these was Jacques Cceur (q.v.). It was by the zeal of these councillors that Charles obtained the surname of " The Well-Served."
Charles VII. continued his father's general policy in See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church matters. He desired to lessen the power of the Holy See in France and to preserve as far as possible the liberties of the Gallican church. With the council of See also:Constance (1414—1418) the great See also:schism was practically healed. Charles, while careful to protest against its renewal, supported the See also:anti-papal contentions of the French members of the council of See also:Basel (1431-1449), and in 1438 he promulgated the Pragmatic See also:Sanction at Bourges, by which the patronage of ecclesiastical benefices was removed from the Holy See, while certain interventions of the royal power were admitted. Bishops and abbots were to be elected, in. accordance with See also:ancient See also:custom, by their See also:clergy.
After the English had evacuated French territory Charles still had to See also:cope with feudal revolt, and with the hostility of the dauphin, who was in open revolt in 1446, and for the next ten years ruled like an See also:independent See also:sovereign in See also:Dauphine. He took See also:refuge in 1457 with Charles's most formidable enemy, Philip of Burgundy. Charles VII. nevertheless found means to prevent Philip from attaining his ambitions in See also:Lorraine and in See also:Germany. But the dauphin succeeded in embarrassing his father's policy at See also:home and abroad, and had his own party in the court itself. Charles VII. died at Mehun-sur-Yevre on the 22nd of See also:July 1461. He believed that he was poisoned by his son, who cannot, how-ever, be accused of anything more than an eager expectation of his death.
End of Article: CHARLES VII
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